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Akkarungeng

Akkarungeng (Bugis: ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ) adalah sebuah bentuk pemerintahan atau monarki khas etnis Bugis setara dengan kerajaan yang dikepalai oleh Manurungnge (ᨆᨊᨘᨑᨘ) atau Arung (ᨕᨑᨘ).

Nomenklatur

Secara etimologinya, istilah Akkarungeng (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ) berasal dari bahasa Bugis yang memiliki arti "monarki" atau "kerajaan" secara umum. Pada zaman sekarang, istilah Akkarungeng (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ) biasanya mengacu pada sistem pemerintahan tradisi turun-temurun, karena sistem monarki elektif telah jarang dipraktikkan (sejak bergabungnya seluruh raja-raja Nusantara menjadi Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia).

Karakteristik

Sejatinya, suatu Akkarungeng (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ) umumnya dipimpin oleh seorang (maupun sekelompok)[a] Makarungnge (ᨆᨊᨘᨑᨘ) atau Arung (ᨕᨑᨘ). Beberapa Akkarungeng (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ) juga sempat dipimpin oleh seorang Datu (ᨉᨈᨘ) hasil akulturasi antara sistem monarki Bugis dengan sistem pada kultur lain (khususnya terkait dengan sistem monarki dari Jawa, yang disebut sebagai Kedaton).

Daftar Akkarungeng

Nama Era/Tahun Pendiri Wilayah Naskah
Dulu Kini
Akkarungeng Siang (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨔᨗᨕ) Abad ke-10
sampai
Abad ke-17		 Arung Kadingareng (ᨕᨑᨘ ᨀᨉᨗᨂᨑᨙ) Tana Siang (ᨈᨊ ᨔᨗᨕ) Pangkajene dan Kepulauan
  • Lontara Siang (ᨒᨚᨈᨑ ᨔᨗᨕ)
  • Lontara Barasa[b] (ᨒᨚᨈᨑ ᨅᨑᨔ)
Akkarungeng Luwu (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨒᨘᨓᨘ) Abad ke-10
sampai
sekarang		 Arung Guru (ᨕᨑᨘ ᨁᨘᨑᨘ) Tana Luwu (ᨈᨊ ᨒᨘᨓᨘ) Lontara Luwu[1][2][3] (ᨒᨚᨈᨑ ᨒᨘᨓᨘ)
Akkarungeng Soppeng (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨔᨚᨙᨄ) 1261
sampai
1949		 Manurungnge ri Sekkanyili (ᨆᨊᨘᨑᨘ ᨑᨗ ᨔᨛᨀᨎᨗᨒᨗ) Tana Soppeng (ᨈᨊ ᨔᨚᨙᨄ) Lontara Soppeng[4] (ᨒᨚᨈᨑ ᨔᨚᨙᨄ)
Akkarungeng Bone (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨅᨚᨊᨛ) 1300
sampai
1950		 Manurungnge ri Matajang (ᨆᨊᨘᨑᨘ ᨑᨗ ᨆᨈᨍ) Tana Bone (ᨈᨊ ᨅᨚᨊᨛ)
  • Lontara Akkarungeng Bone[5]
  • Lontara Atoreng Toriolo Bone[5]
  • Lontara Bone[1] (ᨒᨚᨈᨑ ᨅᨚᨊᨛ)
Akkarungeng Suppa (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨔᨘᨄ) 1370
sampai
sekarang		 Manurungnge ri Suppa (ᨆᨊᨘᨑᨘ ᨑᨗ ᨔᨘᨄ) Tana Suppa (ᨈᨊ ᨔᨘᨄ)

Kecamatan Suppa, Pinrang

Lontara Suppa[6] (ᨒᨚᨈᨑ ᨔᨘᨄ)
Akkarungeng Wajo (ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨓᨍᨚ) 1399
sampai
1957		 Arung La Tenribali (ᨕᨑᨘ ᨒ ᨈᨛᨋᨗᨅᨒᨗ) Tana Wajo (ᨈᨊ ᨓᨍᨚ) Lontara Wajo[1] (ᨒᨚᨈᨑ ᨓᨍᨚ)

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c Lontarak: Sidrap, Luwu, Bone, Wajo [Lontarak: Sidrap, Luwu, Bone, Wajo (versi digitalisasi)] (dalam bahasa Bugis). 1981. 
  2. ^ Lontarak Luwu [Lontara Luwu (versi digitalisasi)] (dalam bahasa Bugis). 1985. 
  3. ^ Salinan Lontarak dari Luwu (dalam bahasa Bugis). Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. 
  4. ^ Lontarak Soppeng [Lontara Soppeng (versi digitalisasi)] (dalam bahasa Bugis). Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. 1992. 
  5. ^ a b Sessungriu, La Oddang To. Lontara Akkarungeng Bone (dalam bahasa Bugis and Bahasa Indonesia). Perpusnas Press, Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. ISBN 978-623-313-266-4. 
  6. ^ Kila, Syahrir (2013). Hubungan Kerajaan Suppa dan Bone [Relations between the Suppa and Bone Kingdoms]. Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Makassar × De La Macca. ISBN 9786022630371. 

Catatan

  1. ^ sempat terjadi dalam beberapa Akkarungeng
  2. ^ memuat kronik Akkarungeng Siang pada abad ke-17

Bibliografi

  • Istiharah, Budi; Arifin, Indra Bustanil (1996). - (dalam bahasa Bugis and Bahasa Indonesia). 1. Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. ISBN 9789794596173. 


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