Brahmā (Buddhisme)

Brahmā
Brahmā
Sansekerta	ब्रह्मा ; Brahmā
Pāli	ब्रह्मा ; Brahmā
Birma	ဗြဟ္မာ
Tionghoa	梵天 ; (Pinyin: Fàntiān)
Jepang	梵天（ぼんてん） ; (romaji: Bonten)
Korea	범천 ; (RR: Beom Cheon)
Thai	พระพรหม ; Phra Phrom
Tibet	ཚངས་པ་; Wylie: tshangs pa; THL: tsangpa
Vietnam	Phạm Thiên
Sinhala	බ්‍රහ්මයෝ
Information
Dimuliakan oleh	Theravāda, Mahāyāna, Vajrayana
	Portal Agama Buddha;

Brahmā adalah raja surgawi dalam agama Buddha.^[1]^[2] Dia diambil dari agama-agama India lainnya seperti Hinduisme yang menganggapnya sebagai pelindung ajaran (dharmapala),^[3] dan tidak pernah diceritakan dalam kitab-kitab Buddhis awal sebagai dewa pencipta.^[4] Dalam tradisi Buddhis, adalah dewa Brahma Sahampati^[5] yang muncul di hadapan Buddha dan mendesaknya untuk membabarkan ajaran, begitu Buddha mencapai pencerahan tetapi tidak yakin apakah dia harus membabarkan pengetahuannya yang mendalam (dhamma) kepada semua orang.^[3]

Brahma adalah bagian dari kosmologi Buddhis,^[2] dan penguasa atas alam kelahiran kembali surgawi yang disebut Brahmaloka,^[6] alam kehidupan setelah kematian dan alam tumimbal lahir yang paling didambakan dalam tradisi-tradisi Buddhis.^[7]^[8]^[9] Brahma umumnya digambarkan dalam budaya Buddhis sebagai dewa dengan empat wajah dan empat lengan, dan berbagai variannya ditemukan dalam budaya Buddhis Theravada dan Mahayana.^[3]

Asal-usul dan penamaan

Asal-usul Brahma dalam agama Buddha dan agama-agama India lainnya tidak pasti, sebagian karena beberapa kata yang terkait seperti satu untuk Realitas Tertinggi metafisik (Brahman), dan pendeta (Brahmana) ditemukan dalam kepustakaan Weda. Menurut KN Jayatilleke, Regweda menyatakan skeptis mengenai dewa-dewa utama seperti Indra apakah dia memang ada,^[10] serta apakah alam semesta memiliki sesosok pencipta dan dapatkah ini diketahui, sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam buku kedelapan dan kesepuluh, khususnya dalam Nasadiya Sukta.^[11]^[12]

Nyanyian rohani Weda akhir telah mulai menanyakan hakikat pengetahuan yang sejati dan sahih, verifikasi empiris, dan realitas absolut.^[13] Upanisad awal dibangun di atas tema ini, sementara secara paralel muncul Buddhisme, Jainisme, dan tradisi skeptis lainnya. Agama Buddha menggunakan istilah Brahma untuk menyangkal sesosok pencipta dan juga untuk menempatkannya (dan dewa-dewa lain seperti Indra) pada posisi yang tidak sepenting Buddha.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Dalam literatur Hindu, salah satu penyebutan dewa Brahma yang paling awal beserta dengan Wisnu dan Siwa adalah dalam Prapathaka (pelajaran) kelima dari Maitrayaniya Upanishad, mungkin disusun pada akhir milenium ke-1 SM, setelah munculnya agama Buddha.^[17]^[18]^[19] Konsep spiritual Brahman jauh lebih tua, dan beberapa sarjana menyarankan dewa Brahma mungkin telah muncul sebagai konsepsi personal dan ikon dengan atribut (versi saguna) dari prinsip universal impersonal yang disebut Brahman.^[20] Buddhis menyerang konsep Brahma, ujar Gananath Obeyesekere, dan karenanya secara polemis menyerang konsep Weda dan Upanisad tentang neral gender, Brahman metafisik abstrak.^[21]

Lihat pula

Catatan

^ Bonten Diarsipkan 2017-12-01 di Wayback Machine. Nichiren Buddhism Library, Soka Gakkai
^ ^a ^b Yuvraj Krishan (1996). The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. hlm. 120. ISBN 978-81-215-0565-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 141–142. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
^ Peter Harvey (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
^ "Ayacana Sutta: The Request". www.accesstoinsight.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-01-08.
^ Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 142, Article on brahmaloka. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
^ Trainor, Kevin (2004), Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, hlm. 62, ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7
^ Merv Fowler (1999). Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. hlm. 65. ISBN 978-1-898723-66-0. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Quote: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth."
^ Christopher Gowans (2004). Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction. Routledge. hlm. 169. ISBN 978-1-134-46973-4.
^ KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 24 with footnote 2. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. , Quote: "What evidence is there for the existence of Indra unless someone has seen him? One stanza in a hymn says, 'One and another say, there is no Indra. Who hath beheld him? Whom then shall we honor?' - Rigveda 8.100.3, in Griffith: 8.89.3"
^ KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 21, 24. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1.
^ James Thrower (1980). The Alternative Tradition: Religion and the Rejection of Religion in the Ancient World. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 40, 43–44. ISBN 978-90-279-7997-1.
^ KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 24, 27–28. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. Quote: "Here for the first time there is an expression of doubt about the possibility of knowing certain things and a dim awareness that some sort of evidence was necessary before we can afford to make factual assertions. What evidence is there for the existence of Indra unless someone has seen him? (...)"
^ KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 21, 24, 27–28. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1.
^ Antonio T. de Nicolás (2003). Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man. iUniverse. hlm. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-595-26925-9.
^ James Thrower (1980). The Alternative Tradition: Religion and the Rejection of Religion in the Ancient World. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 35–46. ISBN 978-90-279-7997-1.
^ Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, hlm. 422–424
^ KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 68, 374. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. , Quote: "We may conclude from the above that the rise of Buddhism is not far removed in time from, though it is prior to, the Maitri Upanishad".
^ Jan Gonda (1968), The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Vol. 63, pages 215-219
^ Bruce Sullivan (1999), Seer of the Fifth Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120816763, pages 82-83
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Obeyesekere2006p179

[1] Bonten Diarsipkan 2017-12-01 di Wayback Machine. Nichiren Buddhism Library, Soka Gakkai

[Krishan1996p120-2] Yuvraj Krishan (1996). The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. hlm. 120. ISBN 978-81-215-0565-9.

[buswelllopez141-3] Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 141–142. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.

[4] Peter Harvey (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.

[5] "Ayacana Sutta: The Request". www.accesstoinsight.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-01-08.

[6] Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 142, Article on brahmaloka. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.

[7] Trainor, Kevin (2004), Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, hlm. 62, ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7

[8] Merv Fowler (1999). Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. hlm. 65. ISBN 978-1-898723-66-0. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Quote: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth."

[9] Christopher Gowans (2004). Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction. Routledge. hlm. 169. ISBN 978-1-134-46973-4.

[10] KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 24 with footnote 2. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. , Quote: "What evidence is there for the existence of Indra unless someone has seen him? One stanza in a hymn says, 'One and another say, there is no Indra. Who hath beheld him? Whom then shall we honor?' - Rigveda 8.100.3, in Griffith: 8.89.3"

[Jayatilleke1998p21-11] KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 21, 24. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1.

[12] James Thrower (1980). The Alternative Tradition: Religion and the Rejection of Religion in the Ancient World. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 40, 43–44. ISBN 978-90-279-7997-1.

[13] KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 24, 27–28. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. Quote: "Here for the first time there is an expression of doubt about the possibility of knowing certain things and a dim awareness that some sort of evidence was necessary before we can afford to make factual assertions. What evidence is there for the existence of Indra unless someone has seen him? (...)"

[14] KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 21, 24, 27–28. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1.

[15] Antonio T. de Nicolás (2003). Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man. iUniverse. hlm. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-595-26925-9.

[16] James Thrower (1980). The Alternative Tradition: Religion and the Rejection of Religion in the Ancient World. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 35–46. ISBN 978-90-279-7997-1.

[hume51-17] Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, hlm. 422–424

[18] KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 68, 374. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. , Quote: "We may conclude from the above that the rise of Buddhism is not far removed in time from, though it is prior to, the Maitri Upanishad".

[19] Jan Gonda (1968), The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Vol. 63, pages 215-219

[brucesullivan-20] Bruce Sullivan (1999), Seer of the Fifth Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120816763, pages 82-83

[Obeyesekere2006p179-21] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Obeyesekere2006p179

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Brahmā (Buddhisme)

Asal-usul dan penamaan

Lihat pula

Catatan

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