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Es Ic

Es Ic (dilafalkan "es satu c") adalah varian es kristal kubik metastabil. Hans König adalah orang pertama yang mengidentifikasi dan menyimpulkan struktur es Ic.[1] Atom-atom oksigen dalam es Ic tersusun dalam struktur intan; ia sangat mirip dengan es Ih yang memiliki massa jenis hampir identik dan konstanta kisi yang sama di sepanjang bidang kerutan heksagonal.[2] Ia terbentuk pada suhu antara 130 dan 220 kelvin (−143 dan −53 derajat Celsius) saat didinginkan, dan dapat bertahan hingga suhu 240 K (−33 °C) saat dipanaskan,[3][4] karena selebihnya es ini akan berubah menjadi es Ih.

Diagram fase air

Selain terbentuk dari air superdingin,[5] es Ic juga dilaporkan terbentuk dari es amorf[2] serta dari es bertekanan tinggi, seperti es II, III, dan V.[6] Ia dapat terbentuk pada dan kadang-kadang hadir pada atmosfer bagian atas[7] dan diyakini bertanggung jawab atas pengamatan halo Scheiner, sebuah cincin langka yang terjadi di dekat 28 derajat dari Matahari atau Bulan.[8]

Es air biasa pada umumnya merupakan es Ih (berdasarkan tata nama Bridgman). Berbagai jenis es, mulai dari es II hingga es XIX,[9] telah dibuat di laboratorium pada suhu dan tekanan yang berbeda-beda.

Beberapa penulis telah menyatakan keraguan apakah es Ic benar-benar memiliki sistem kristal kubik, mengklaim bahwa itu hanyalah es I yang tertumpuk tak beraturan (“es Isd”),[10][11][12] dan telah dijuluki sebagai ″fase es paling segi dalam arti literal dan lebih umum.″[13] Namun, pada tahun 2020, dua kelompok penelitian secara individual menyiapkan es Ic tanpa gangguan penumpukan; Komatsu dkk. menyiapkan C2 hidrat pada tekanan tinggi dan mendekompresinya pada suhu 100 K untuk membuat molekul hidrogen diekstraksi dari struktur, menghasilkan es Ic tanpa gangguan penumpukan;[14] del Rosso dkk. menyiapkan es XVII dari C0 hidrat dan memanaskannya pada tekanan 0 GPa untuk mendapatkan es Ic murni tanpa gangguan penumpukan.[15]

Lihat pula

  • Es I, untuk bentuk es kristal lainnya

Referensi

  1. ^ König, H. (1943). "Eine kubische Eismodifikation". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie (dalam bahasa Jerman). 105 (1): 279–286. doi:10.1524/zkri.1943.105.1.279. 
  2. ^ a b Dowell, L. G.; Rinfret, A. P. (December 1960). "Low-Temperature Forms of Ice as Studied by X-Ray Diffraction". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 188 (4757): 1144–1148. Bibcode:1960Natur.188.1144D. doi:10.1038/1881144a0. ISSN 0028-0836. 
  3. ^ Murray, B.J.; Bertram, A. K. (2006). "Formation and stability of cubic ice in water droplets". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8 (1): 186–192. Bibcode:2006PCCP....8..186M. doi:10.1039/b513480c. hdl:2429/33770alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 16482260. 
  4. ^ Murray, B.J. (2008). "The Enhanced formation of cubic ice in aqueous organic acid droplets". Environmental Research Letters. 3 (2): 025008. Bibcode:2008ERL.....3b5008M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025008alt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  5. ^ Mayer, E.; Hallbrucker, A. (1987). "Cubic ice from liquid water". Nature. 325 (12): 601–602. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..601M. doi:10.1038/325601a0. 
  6. ^ Bertie, J. E.; Calvert, L. D.; Whalley, E. (1963). "Transformations of Ice II, Ice III, and Ice V at Atmospheric Pressure". J. Chem. Phys. 38 (4): 840–846. Bibcode:1963JChPh..38..840B. doi:10.1063/1.1733772. 
  7. ^ Murray, Benjamin J.; Knopf, Daniel A.; Bertram, Allan K. (March 2005). "The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 434 (7030): 202–205. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..202M. doi:10.1038/nature03403. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15758996. 
  8. ^ Whalley, E. (1981). "Scheiner's Halo: Evidence for Ice Ic in the Atmosphere". Science. 211 (4480): 389–390. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..389W. doi:10.1126/science.211.4480.389. PMID 17748273. 
  9. ^ Flatz, Christian; Hohenwarter, Stefan. "Neue kristalline Eisform aus Innsbruck". Universität Innsbruck (dalam bahasa Jerman). Diakses tanggal 25 Maret 2023. 
  10. ^ Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Dobbie, Steven; Neely, Ryan R.; Cox, Christopher J. (2015). "Trigonal Ice Crystals in Earth's Atmosphere" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 96 (9): 1519–1531. Bibcode:2015BAMS...96.1519M. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00128.1alt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  11. ^ Chaplin, Martin (15 September 2019). "Stacking disordered ice; Ice Isd". Water Structure and Science. London South Bank University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 Oktober 2020. Diakses tanggal 25 Maret 2023. 
  12. ^ Malkin, Tamsin L.; Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Molinero, Valeria; Pickering, Steven J.; Whale, Thomas F. (2015). "Stacking disorder in ice I". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 17 (1): 60–76. doi:10.1039/C4CP02893Galt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 25380218. 
  13. ^ Kuhs, W. F.; Sippel, C.; Falenty, A.; Hansen, T. C. (2012). "Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in "ice Ic"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (52): 21259–21264. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10921259K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210331110alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 3535660alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 23236184. 
  14. ^ Komatsu K, Machida S, Noritake F, Hattori T, Sano-Furukawa A, Yamane R; et al. (2020). "Ice Ic without stacking disorder by evacuating hydrogen from hydrogen hydrate". Nat Commun. 11 (1): 464. arXiv:1909.03400alt=Dapat diakses gratis. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..464K. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14346-5. PMC 6997176alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 32015342. 
  15. ^ Del Rosso L, Celli M, Grazzi F, Catti M, Hansen TC, Fortes AD; et al. (2020). "Cubic ice Ic without stacking defects obtained from ice XVII". Nat Mater. 19 (6): 663–668. arXiv:1907.02915alt=Dapat diakses gratis. Bibcode:2020NatMa..19..663D. doi:10.1038/s41563-020-0606-y. PMID 32015533. 


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