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Kota terbuka

Manila dideklarasikan menjadi kota terbuka pada Desember 1941 untuk menghindari penghancurannya saat Kekaisaran Jepang menginvasi Persemakmuran Filipina.

Saat perang, dalam peristiwa menjelang penaklukan sebuah kota, struktur pemerintahan/militer dari negara yang menguasai kota tersebut terkadang akan mendeklarasikannya menjadi kota terbuka, yang menyatakan bahwa kota tersebut telah meniadakan seluruh upaya pertahanannya. Tentara yang menyerang dari militer yang berseberangan kemudian akan mengecualikannya dari serangan bom atau serangan lainnya terhadap kota tersebut namun hanya melewatinya. Konsep tersebut bertujuan untuk melindungi markah tanah bersejarah dari kota tersebut dan warga-warga sipil yang bermukim dari serangan yang tak diinginkan.

Pasukan penyerang tak selalu menghormati deklarasi "kota terbuka". Pasukan defensi juga akan dipakai sebagai taktik politik.[1] Dalam beberapa kasus, deklarasi dari sebuah kota menjadi "terbuka" dibuat oleh pihak yang kalah atau menyerah; dalam kasus lain, pihak yang membuat deklarasi semacam itu adalah pihak yang masih berkehendak dan mampu bertarung namun lebih mementingkan kota tersebut tak terkena dampaknya.

Menurut Protokol I dari Konvensi Jenewa, pihak penyerang dilarang "menyerang tempat-tempat tak terlindungi dalam bentuk apapun".[2]

Contoh

Beberapa kota yang dideklarasikan terbuka pada Perang Dunia II:

Lihat pula

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. (1983) La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pasqualina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History. New York: Warner Books Inc. ISBN 0-446-51258-3, p. 210
  2. ^ Wikisource link to Protocol I. Wikisource. 1977. 
  3. ^ http://www.krakowpost.com/1531/2009/09
  4. ^ Veranneman, Jean-Michel (2014). Belgium in the Second World War. Pen and Sword. hlm. 35. ISBN 1783376074. 
  5. ^ de Gaulle, Charles (1968). Ratni memoari: Poziv, 1940–1942 (dalam bahasa Serbian). 1. Belgrade/Ljubljana: Prosveta, Državna založba Slovenije. hlm. 53. 
  6. ^ "Paris Declared Open City As Nazis Reach Suburbs". The Virgin Islands Daily News (2642): 1. 13 June 1940. 
  7. ^ Petranović, Branko (1987). Istorija Jugoslavije 1918-1978. Belgrade: Nolit. hlm. 184. 
  8. ^ "Manila Declared 'Open City'". Chicago Daily Tribune. C (309): 1. 26 December 1941. 
  9. ^ "Japanese Bombs Fire Open City Of Manila; Civilian Toll Heavy; Invaders Gain In Luzon". The New York Times. XCI (30,654): 1. 28 December 1941. 
  10. ^ Chronology and Index of the Second World War, 1938-1945. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1947. hlm. 112. ISBN 9780887365683. 
  11. ^ "Rome Declared Open City". The Morning Bulletin (24,926): 1. 16 August 1943. 
  12. ^ a b Katz, Robert (2007). "An Excerpt from The Battle for Rome: 'Open City'". theboot.it. Diakses tanggal 7 July 2011. 
  13. ^ World War II Chronology 1944 Diarsipkan October 2, 2006, di Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ "Hamburg Declared Open City; British Occupy It". The Morning Bulletin (25,442): 1. 4 May 1945. 

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