Sejarah perbudakan

Sejarah perbudakan meliputi beberapa budaya, kebangsaan, dan agama dari zaman kuno sampai masa sekarang. Namun, posisi sosial, ekonomi dan hukum para budak beragam dalam sistem perbudakan yang berbeda di waktu dan tempat yang berbeda.^[1]

Perbudakan bermula dari catatan-catatan kuno, seperti Mesopotamia Kode Hammurabi (s. 1860 SM), yang merujuknya sebagai sebuah lembaga yang berdiri, dan merupakan hal umum pada bangsa-bangsa kuno seperti Sumeria, Mesir Kuno, Akkadia, Elamit, Asiria, Babilonia, Hattia, Hittit, Amorit, Yunani Kuno, Kanaan, Eblait, Hurria, Mitanni, Israel, Persia, Medes, Kassit, Luwia, Moabit, Edomit, Ammonit, Armenia, Khaldea, Filistin, Skitia, Nubia, Kushit, dan lain-lain.^[2]

Perbudakan merupakan hal jarang pada penduduk pemburu-peramu, karena hal tersebut berkembang sebagai sistem stratifikasi sosial. perbudakan dikenal dalam peradaban-perabadan paling tua seperti Sumeria di Mesopotamia dari 3500 SM, serta hampir setiap peradaban lainnya. Peperangan Bizantium-Utsmaniyah dan peperangan Utsmaniyah di Eropa mengakibatkan pengambilan sejumlah besar budak Kristen. Perbudakan menjadi hal umum di sebagian besar Eropa dan kepulauan Britania pada Zaman Kegelapan dan berlanjut sampai Abad Pertengahan. Belanda, Prancis, Spanyol, Portugis, Inggris, Arab, dan sejumlah kerajaan Afrika Barat memainkan peran penting dalam perdagangan budak Atlantik, khususnya setelah 1600. David P. Forsythe^[3] menyatakannya: "Kenyataannya menyatakan bahwa pada permulaan abad kesembilan belas, tiga per empat dari seluruh orang yang hidup terjebak dalam perjuangan melawan keterikatan mereka dalam beberapa perbudakan."^[4] Denmark-Norwegia adalah negara Eropa pertama yang melarang perdagangan budak pada 1802.

Meskipun perbudakan tak selamanya dianggap sah di bagian manapun di dunia,^[5] perdagangan manusia masih menjadi masalah internasional dan sekitar 25-40 juta orang hidup dalam perbudakan ilegal pada masa sekarang.^[6] Pada Perang Saudara Sudan Kedua 1983–2005, orang-orang dimasukkan dalam perbudakan.^[7] Meskipun Perbudakan di Mauritania dikriminalisasi pada Agustus 2007,^[8] sekitar 600,000 pria, wanita dan anak-anak, atau 20% dari populasi, sekarang diperbudak, beberapa diantaranya dijadikan sebagai buruh utang.^[9] Terdapat bukti perbudakan sistematis pada akhir 1990an dalam penanaman kakao di Afrika Barat; lihat artikel coklat dan perbudakan.

Referensi

^ Klein, Herbert S.; III, Ben Vinson (2007). African Slavery in Latin America and the. Caribbean (edisi ke-2nd). New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195189421.
^ "Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 May 2011. e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves" Code of Laws No. 307, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".
^ "David P. Forsythe". The Globalist.
^ David P. Forsythe (2009). "Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1". Oxford University Press. p. 399. ISBN 0-19-533402-7
^ "Anti-Slavery Society". Anti-slaverysociety.addr.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-12-13. Diakses tanggal 4 December 2011.
^ "Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals more Than 29 Million people Living In Slavery". Global Slavery Index 2013. 4 October 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-04-07. Diakses tanggal 17 October 2013.
^ "Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan". US Department of State. 22 May 2002. Diakses tanggal 20 March 2014.
^ "Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law". BBC News. 9 August 2007. Diakses tanggal 4 December 2011.
^ "The Abolition season on BBC World Service". BBC. Diakses tanggal 4 December 2011.

Daftar pustaka

Davis, David Brion. Slavery and Human Progress (1984).
Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1966)
Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (2006)
Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
Finkelman, Paul, ed. Slavery and Historiography (New York: Garland, 1989)
Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery (2 vol 1998)
Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2007) 795 pp; ISBN 978-0-313-33142-8
Linden, Marcel van der, ed. Humanitarian Intervention and Changing Labor Relations: The Long-Term Consequences of the Abolition of the Slave Trade (Brill Academic Publishers, 2011) online review
McGrath, Elizabeth and Massing, Jean Michel, The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem (London: The Warburg Institute, 2012.)
Miller, Joseph C. The problem of slavery as history: a global approach (Yale University Press, 2012.)
Parish, Peter J. Slavery: History and Historians (1989)
Phillips, William D. Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Atlantic Slave Trade (1984)
Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (2 vol. 1997)
Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion (2 vol. 2007)

Yunani dan Romawi

Bradley, Keith. Slavery and Society at Rome (1994)
Cuffel, Victoria. "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery," Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul.–Sep. 1966), pp. 323–42 JSTOR 2708589
Finley, Moses, ed. Slavery in Classical Antiquity (1960)
Westermann, William L. The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity (1955) 182 pp

Afrika dan Timur Tengah

Campbell, Gwyn. The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (Frank Cass, 2004)
Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge UP, 1983)
Toledano, Ehud R. As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East (Yale University Press, 2007) ISBN 978-0-300-12618-1
Davis, Robert C., Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2003) ISBN 0-333-71966-2

Perdagangan Atlantik, Amerika Latin dan Kekaisaran Britania

Blackburn, Robin. The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation, and Human Rights (Verso; 2011) 498 pp; on slavery and abolition in the Americas from the 16th to the late 19th centuries.
Fradera, Josep M. and Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, eds. Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire (2013) online
Klein, Herbert S. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean (Oxford University Press, 1988)
Klein, Herbert. The Atlantic Slave Trade (1970)
Klein, Herbert S. Slavery in Brazil (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
Stinchcombe, Arthur L. Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World (Princeton University Press, 1995)
Walvin, James. Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire (2nd ed. 2001)
Ward, J. R. British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834 (Oxford U.P. 1988)
Zeuske, Michael. "Historiography and Research Problems of Slavery and the Slave Trade in a Global-Historical Perspective." International Review of Social History 57#1 (2012): 87–111.

Amerika Serikat

Fogel, Robert (1989). Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery.
Genovese, Eugene (1974). Roll Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made.
Horne, Gerald (2014). The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America.
Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds. Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery (1988)
Phillips, Ulrich B (1918). American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the plantation Regime.
Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. (2007). Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia vol. 2.
Wilson, Thomas D. The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.