Tata bahasa Inggris

Tata bahasa Inggris adalah sebuah aturan yang menggambarkan struktur ungkapan dalam bahasa Inggris, termasuk di dalamnya memuat struktur kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat.

Ada beberapa variasi terkait sejarah, sosial, budaya dan daerah bahasa Inggris. Divergensi dari tata bahasa yang dijelaskan di sini terjadi di beberapa dialek dalam bahasa Inggris. Artikel ini menjelaskan secara umum tentang bahasa Inggris standar, seperti ucapan yang ada di wacana publik, seperti: siaran televisi, pendidikan, hiburan, pemerintahan, dan laporan berita, termasuk juga di sini: pidato baik formal maupun informal. Ada perbedaan tertentu dalam tata bahasa antara bentuk standar British English, American English dan Australian English, meskipun ini tidak mencolok dibandingkan dengan perbedaan leksikal dan pengucapan.

Fungsi Dasar

Noun

Pengertian noun adalah kata benda, yang digunakan untuk memberi deskripsi mengenai orang, tempat, benda, serta beberapa hal yang dibendakan.

Determiner

Determiner adalah kata, frasa, atau imbuhan yang muncul bersamaan dengan noun atau noun phrase, dan berfungsi sebagai rujukan atas noun/noun phrase tersebut sesuai konteksnya.

Contoh:

The girl is a student.
I've lost my keys.
Some folks get all the luck.
Which book is that?
I only had thirty-seven drinks.
I'll take this one.
Both windows were open.

Kata yang dicetak tebal merupakan yang merupakan penjelas atas noun (dicetak miring) sesuai konteksnya.

Tense

Tense adalah masa atau waktu yang dalam bahasa Inggris terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu

Present tense

Present tense adalah jenis kalimat baik lisan maupun tulisan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi dengan latar waktu saat ini.

Past tense

Future tense

Verb

Auxiliary

Auxiliary verb adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk membantu kata kerja utama dan untuk menjelaskan aspek ataupun kala dari suatu kalimat.

Contoh:

I will help you.
She can read the code well.
John has looked for Sarah's necklace.

Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah auxiliary verb yang bertugas menjelaskan kata kerja utama yang jatuh setelahnya.

Irregular verb

Contoh-contohnya:

a-: for abide, arise, awake, lihat bide, rise, wake
be (am, is, are) – was, were – been
be-: for befall, beset, etc. see fall, set, etc.
bear – bore – borne
beat – beat – beaten
become – became – become
beget – begot – begot(ten)
begin – began – begun
bend – bent – bent
bet – bet – bet [past tense dan participle kadang kala betted]
beware – beware
bid – bid – bid [as in an auction]
bid – bade/bid – bidden/bid [meaning "request"]
bide – bided/bode – bided/bidden [but abide mostly uses the regular forms only]
bind – bound – bound
bite – bit – bitten
bleed – bled – bled
blow – blew – blown
break – broke – broken
breed – bred – bred
bring – brought – brought
build – built – built
burn – burnt/burned – burnt/burned
burst – burst – burst
buy – bought – bought
can – could [defective; see anomalous cases above]
cast – cast – cast [prefixed forms broadcast, forecast, etc. sometimes take -ed^[1]]
catch – caught – caught
choose – chose – chosen
clad – clad/cladded – clad/cladded [clad is also sometimes used as past form of clothe]
cleave – clove/cleft – cloven/cleft [but regular when meaning "adhere"]
cling – clung – clung
come – came – come
cost – cost – cost [but regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"]
creep – crept/creeped – crept/creeped
crow – crowed/crew – crowed [crew normally used only of a cock's crowing]
cut – cut – cut
dare – regular except for possible third person singular present dare (see anomalous cases above)
deal – dealt – dealt
dig – dug – dug
dive – dived/dove – dived [the form dove is chiefly American]
do (does /dʌz/) – did – done
drag – dragged/drug – dragged/drug [the form drug is chiefly dialectal]
draw – drew – drawn
dream – dreamed/dreamt – dreamed/dreamt
drink – drank – drunk
drive – drove – driven
dwell – dwelt/dwelled – dwelt/dwelled
eat – ate – eaten
fall – fell – fallen
feed – fed – fed
feel – felt – felt
fight – fought – fought
find – found – found
fit – fit/fitted – fit/fitted
flee – fled – fled
fling – flung – flung
fly – flew – flown
for(e)-: for forgo, foresee, etc. see go, see, etc.
forbid – forbade/forbid – forbidden
forget – forgot – forgotten
forsake – forsook – forsaken
freeze – froze – frozen
get – got – gotten/got [past participle got in British English, gotten in American, but see have got]
gild – gilded/gilt – gilded/gilt
give – gave – given
go – went – gone [see also have been]
grind – ground – ground
grow – grew – grown
hang – hung/hanged – hung/hanged [the form hanged is more common in the sense of execution by hanging]
have (has) – had – had
hear – heard – heard
hew – hewed – hewn/hewed
hide – hid – hidden
hit – hit – hit
hoist – hoist/hoisted – hoist/hoisted
hold – held – held
hurt – hurt – hurt
in-: for inlay, input, etc. see lay, put, etc.
inter-: for interlay, interweave, etc. see lay, weave, etc.
keep – kept – kept
kneel – knelt/kneeled – knelt/kneeled
knit – knit/knitted – knit/knitted
know – knew – known
lay – laid – laid
lead – led – led
lean – leaned/leant – leaned/leant
leap – leaped/leapt – leaped/leapt
learn – learned/learnt – learned/learnt
leave – left – left
lend – lent – lent
let – let – let
lie – lay – lain [but regular when meaning "tell an untruth"]
light – lit/lighted – lit/lighted
lose – lost – lost
make – made – made
may – might [defective; see anomalous cases above]
mean – meant – meant
meet – met – met
mis-: for misspeak, mistake, etc. see speak, take, etc.
mow – mowed – mowed/mown
must – defective [see anomalous cases above]
need – regular except for possible third person singular present need (see anomalous cases above)
off-: for offset see set, etc.
ought – defective [see anomalous cases above]
out-: for outbid, output, etc. see bid, put, etc.
over-: for overbid, overdo, etc. see bid, do, etc.
pay – paid – paid [but sometimes spelt regularly when meaning "let out" (rope etc.)]
plead – pleaded/pled – pleaded/pled
pre-: for prepay, preset, etc. see pay, set, etc.
prove – proved – proved/proven
put – put – put
quit – quit – quit
re-: for redo, remake, etc. see do, make, etc.
read /riːd/ – read /rɛd/ – read /rɛd/
rend – rent – rent
rid – rid/ridded – rid/ridded/ridden
ride – rode – ridden
ring – rang – rung
rise – rose – risen
run – ran – run
saw – sawed – sawn/sawed
say (says /sɛz/) – said – said
see – saw – seen
seek – sought – sought
sell – sold – sold
send – sent – sent
set – set – set
sew – sewed – sewn/sewed
shake – shook – shaken
shall – should [defective; see anomalous cases above]
shear – sheared/shore – shorn/sheared
shed – shed – shed
shine – shone/shined – shone/shined
shit – shat/shit/shitted – shat/shit/shitted
shoe – shoed/shod – shoed/shod
shoot – shot – shot
show – showed – shown/showed
shrink – shrank/shrunk – shrunk
shut – shut – shut
sing – sang – sung
sink – sank – sunk
sit – sat – sat
slay – slew/slayed – slain/slayed
sleep – slept – slept
slide – slid – slid
sling – slung – slung
slink – slunk – slunk
slit – slit – slit
smell – smelled/smelt – smelled/smelt
smite – smote – smitten
sneak – sneaked/snuck – sneaked/snuck [snuck is chiefly American, and it is regarded as informal]
sow – sowed – sown/sowed
speak – spoke – spoken
speed – sped/speeded – sped/speeded
spell – spelled/spelt – spelled/spelt
spend – spent – spent
spill – spilled/spilt – spilled/spilt
spin – spun – spun
spit – spat/spit – spat/spit [the form spit rather than spat is common in America]
split – split – split
spoil – spoiled/spoilt – spoiled/spoilt
spread – spread – spread
spring – sprang/sprung – sprung
stand – stood – stood
stave – staved/stove – staved/stove
steal – stole – stolen
stick – stuck – stuck
sting – stung – stung
stink – stank – stunk
strew – strewed – strewn/strewed
stride – strode – stridden/strode
strike – struck – struck
string – strung – strung
strive – strove/strived – striven/strived
swear – swore – sworn
sweat – sweated/sweat – sweated/sweat
sweep – swept – swept
swell – swelled – swollen/swelled
swim – swam – swum
swing – swung – swung
take – took – taken
teach – taught – taught
tear – tore – torn
tell – told – told
think – thought – thought
throw – threw – thrown
thrust – thrust/thrusted – thrust/thrusted
tread – trod – trodden/trod
un-: for unbend, unweave, etc. see bend, weave, etc.
under-: for underlie, undergo, understand, etc. see lie, go, stand, etc.
up-: for upset see set, etc.
wake – woke – woken
wear – wore – worn
weave – wove – woven
wed – wed/wedded – wed/wedded
weep – wept – wept
wet – wet/wetted – wet/wetted
will – would [defective; see anomalous cases above]
win – won – won
wind – wound – wound [but regular in the meanings connected with air and breath]
with-: for withdraw, withhold, withstand, see draw,old, stand
wring – wrang/wrung – wrung
write – wrote – written

Article

Article adalah sebuah kata (baik awalan ataupun akhiran) yang digunakan bersama noun untuk menunjukkan jenis noun tersebut.

Article dalam bahasa Inggris yaitu: the dan a/an.

Contoh:

The children know the fastest way hom

(Indonesia) Anak-anak itu mengetahui cara tercepat pulang ke rumah.

Kalimat di atas merujuk ke "Anak-anak" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: anak-anak itu) dan "Cara" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: cara tercepat):

Children know the fastest way home.

(Indonesia) Anak-anak mengetahui cara tercepat pulang ke rumah.

Kalimat di atas merujuk ke "Anak-anak" yang "umum"

Give me the book.

(Indonesia) Berikan padaku buku itu

Kalimat di atas demikian juga, yaitu merujuk kepada "Buku" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: buku itu)

Give me a boo

(Indonesia) Berikan padaku sebuah buku

Kalimat di atas merujuk kepada "Buku" yang sifatnya "umum"..

Fungsi Lainnya

Tense

Pranala luar

^ For example, forecasted is acceptable as the past participle and past simple of the verb forecast, especially in some technical meanings. See www.usingenglish.com