Yesus dalam mitologi komparatif

Yesus disamakan dengan berbagai figur dari berbagai tradisi mitologi di Cekungan Laut Tengah, yang meiputi (dalam barisan dari kiri ke kanan) Dionysus, Mithras, Sol Invictus, Osiris, Asclepius, Attis, dan Adonis

Kajian Yesus dan mitologi komparatif adalah pengujian kisah kehidupan Yesus dalam injil, tradisi dan dan teologi Kristen, soal kaitan Kekristenan dan agama lainnya, Meskipun seluruh cendekiawan dan sejarawan Perjanjian Baru dari Timur Dekat kuno sepakat bahwa Yesus ada sebagai tokoh sejarah,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^{[nb 1]}^{[nb 2]}^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}^{[nb 5]} sebagian besar sejarawan sekuler juga sepakat bahwa injil-injil berisi sejumlah besar penjelasan legenda non-sejarah yang dicampur dengan informasi sejarah tentang kehidupan Yesus.^[10] Injil-Injil Sinoptik Markus, Matius, dan Lukas sangat dibentuk lewat tradisi Yahudi, dengan Injil Matius menggambarkan Yesus sebagai "Musa yang baru".^[11] Meskipun sangat tak mungkin para penulis Injil Sinoptik secara langsung mendasarkan kisah-kisah mereka pada mitologi pagan,^[12] mereka diyakini membentuk catatan-catatan mukjizat penyembuhan Yesus untuk mengingat cerita-cerita Yunani familiar soal mukjizat-mukjizat yang dikaitkan dengan Asclepius, dewa penyembuhan dan pengobatan.^[13]^[14] kisah kelahiran Injil Matius dan Lukas biasanya dipandang oleh para sejarawan sebagai legenda yang dirnacang untuk memenuhi rasa takjub Yahudi terhadap Mesias.^[15]

Injil Yohanes menunjukkan pengaruh tak langsung dari Platonisme, lewat teks-teks deuterokanonikal Yahudi pada masa sebelumnya, dan juga sedikit dipengaruhi oleh pemujaan Dionisus, dewa minuman anggur Yunani, meskipun kemungkinan tersebut masih diragukan.^[16] tradisi-tradisi Kristen pada masa berikutnya mengenai Yesus mungkin dipengaruhi oleh agama dan mitologi Yunani-Romawi. Sebagian besar ikonografi tradisional Yesus tampak diambil dari dewa-dewa Laut Tengah seperti Hermes, Asclepius, Serapis, Iason dan Zeus dan tanggal kelahiran tradisionalnya pada 25 Desember, yang belum dideklarasikan semacam itu sampai abad kelima, pada suatu waktu dijadikan hari raya untuk menghormati dewa surya Romawi Sol Invictus. Pada sekitar masa yang sama ketika Kekristenan meluas pada abad kedua dan ketiga, Kultus Mithraik juga berkembang. Meskipun hubungan antara dua agama tersebut masih diragukan, para apologis Kristen pada masa itu menyebut kemiripan di antara mereka, yang diambil sebagai bukti oleh beberapa cendekiawan, namun tampaknya merupakan hasil dari pembentukan lingkup budaya. Perbandingan paling umum juga dibuat antara kisah tentang kelahiran dan kebangkitan Yesus dengan cerita-cerita dari dewa atau tokoh pahlawan lain dari seluruh belahan dunia Laut Tengah, yang meliputi "dewa-dewa yang mati dan bangkit kembali" seperti Tammuz, Adonis, Attis, dan Osiris, sementara konsep "dewa-dewa yang mati dan bangkit kembali" menuai kritikan.

Catatan

^ While discussing the "striking" fact that "we don't have any Roman records, of any kind, that attest to the existence of Jesus," Ehrman dismisses claims that this means Jesus never existed, saying, "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on clear and certain evidence."^[5]
^ Robert M. Price, a former fundamentalist apologist turned atheist who says the existence of Jesus cannot be ruled out, but is less probable than non-existence, agrees that his perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars.^[6]
^ Michael Grant (a classicist) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus, or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary."^[7]
^ "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more."^[8]
^ Maurice Casey, an irreligious Emeritus Professor of New Testament Languages and Literature at the University of Nottingham, concludes in his book Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths? that "the whole idea that Jesus of Nazareth did not exist as a historical figure is verifiably false. Moreover, it has not been produced by anyone or anything with any reasonable relationship to critical scholarship. It belongs to the fantasy lives of people who used to be fundamentalist Christians. They did not believe in critical scholarship then, and they do not do so now. I cannot find any evidence that any of them have adequate professional qualifications."^[9]

Referensi

^ Blomberg, Craig L. (2007). The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830828074.
^ Carrier, Richard Lane (2014). On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt. Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 9781909697355.
^ Fox, Robin Lane (2005). The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. Basic Books. hlm. 48. ISBN 978-0465024971.
^ Dickson, John. "Best of 2012: The irreligious assault on the historicity of Jesus". Abc.net.au. Diakses tanggal 17 June 2014.
^ Bart D. Ehrman (22 March 2011). Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are. HarperCollins. hlm. 285. ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6.
^ James Douglas Grant Dunn (1 February 2010). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. SPCK Publishing. hlm. 61. ISBN 978-0-281-06329-1.
^ Michael Grant (January 2004). Jesus. Orion. hlm. 200. ISBN 978-1-898799-88-7.
^ Richard A. Burridge; Graham Gould (2004). Jesus Now and Then. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. hlm. 34. ISBN 978-0-8028-0977-3.
^ Casey 2014, hlm. 243.
^ Ehrman 2012, hlm. 184–185.
^ Ehrman 2012, hlm. 198–199.
^ Eddy & Boyd 2007, hlm. 53–54.
^ Edelstein & Edelstein 1998, hlm. 133–134.
^ Hill 2004, hlm. 67–68.
^ Sanders 1993, hlm. 85–88.
^ Salier 2004, hlm. 66–69.

Daftar pustaka

Aasgaard, Reidar (2010) [2009], The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Cambridge, England: James Clark & Co., ISBN 978-0-227-17354-1
Ackerman, Susan (2006) [1989], Day, Peggy Lynne, ed., Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, ISBN 978-0-8006-2393-7
Aldrete, Gregory S.; Aldrete, Alicia (2012), "Fun for All: Holidays and Festivals", The Long Shadow of Antiquity: What Have the Greeks and Romans Done For Us?, New York City, New York and London, England: Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-4411-1663-5
Assmann, Jan (2001) [1984], The Search for God in Ancient Egypt, Translated by David Lorton, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-3786-1
Baring, Anne; Cashford, Jules (1991), The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image, London, England: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0140192926
Barstad, Hans M. (1984), The Religious Polemics of Amos: Studies in the Preaching of Am 2, 7B-8; 4,1-13; 5,1-27; 6,4-7; 8,14, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN 9789004070172
Bennett, Clinton (2001). In search of Jesus: insider and outsider images. New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-4915-3.
Blomart, Alaine (2004), "Transferring the Cults of Heroes in Ancient Greece", dalam Aitken, Ellen Bradshaw; Maclean, Jennifer K. Berenson, Philostratus's Heroikos: Religion And Cultural Identity In The Third Century C.E, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, hlm. 85–98, ISBN 9004130942
Bruner, Frederick Dale (2004) [1987], Matthew: A Commentary, 1, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 0-8028-1118-3
Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0
Burridge, R; Gould, G (2004). "Jesus Now and Then". Wm. B. Eerdmans.
Carotta, Francesco; Eickenberg, Arne (October 2009), Orpheos Bakkikos—The Missing Cross (PDF)
Casey, Maurice (2010), Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching, New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark, ISBN 978-0-567-64517-3
Casey, Maurice (2014), Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths?, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-0-56744-762-3
Cooper, Barry (2001), ""A Lump Bred Up in Darkness": Two Tellurian Themes of the Republic", dalam Planinc, Zdravko, Politics, Philosophy, Writing: Plato's Art of Caring for Souls, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, ISBN 978-0826213433
Cotter, Wendy (2010), The Christ of the Miracle-Stories: Portrait Through Encounter, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, ISBN 978-0-8010-3950-8
Chilton, Bruce D.; Evans, Craig A. (2002), Authenticating the Activities of Jesus, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, Inc., ISBN 0-391-04164-9
Clauss, Manfred (2001) [2000], The Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and His Mysteries, diterjemahkan oleh Gordon, Richard, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-92978-4
Cousland, J. R. C. (2017), Holy Terror: Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-0567668165
Deacy, Susan (2008), Athena, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30066-5
Dundes, Alan (1980), Interpreting Folklore, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-14307-1
Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007), The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, ISBN 978-0801031144
Edelstein, Emma J.; Edelstein, Ludwig (1998) [1945], Asclepius: Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5769-4
Ehrman, Bart D. (2012), Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth, New York City, New York: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-220644-2
Farris, Stephen (2015), The Hymns of Luke's Infancy Narratives: Their Origin, Meaning and Significance, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-4742-3139-8
Ferngren, Gary B. (2009), Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-9142-7
Friedman, John Block (2000), Orpheus in the Middle Ages, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0-8156-2825-0
Grant, Michael (1999) [1977]. Jesus. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-0899-3.
Hengel, Martin (1977), Crucifixion in the Ancient World and the Folly of the Message of the Cross, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress Press, hlm. 13 and 22, ISBN 0-8006-1268-X
Herzog, William R. (2005), Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster Knox Press, ISBN 0-664-22528-4
Hill, Brennan R. (2004), Jesus, the Christ: Contemporary Perspectives, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, ISBN 978-1-62564-643-9
Jacobsen, Thorkild (2008) [1970], "Toward the Image of Tammuz", dalam Moran, William L., Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, hlm. 73–103, ISBN 978-1-55635-952-1
Jefferson, Lee M. (2014), Christ the Miracle Worker in Early Christian Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, ISBN 978-1-4514-7793-1
Jensen, Robin Margaret (2000), Understanding Early Christian Art, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-20455-0
John, J. (2005), A Christmas Compendium, New York City, New York and London, England: Continuum, hlm. 112, ISBN 0-8264-8749-1
Johnson, Donald; Johnson, Jean (2007), Universal Religions in World History: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, Explorations in World History, New York City, New York: MacGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0072954289
Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1
Kierspel, Lars (2006), "Meaning and context of "the World"", The Jews and the World in the Fourth Gospel: Parallelism, Function, and Context, Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 978-3-16-149069-9
Link, Luther (1995), The Devil: A Mask Without a Face, London, England: Reaktion Books, ISBN 0-948462-67-1
Litwak, Kenneth D. (2005), Echoes of Scripture in Luke-Acts: Telling the History of God's People Intertextually, New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark International, ISBN 0-567-03025-3
Litwa, M. David (2014), Iesus Deus: The Early Christian Depiction of Jesus as a Mediterranean God, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, ISBN 978-1-4514-7985-0
MacDonald, Dennis R. (2009), "My Turn: A Critique of Critics of 'Mimesis Criticism'"", Occasional Papers of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, Claremont, California: The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, 53
MacDonald, Dennis R. (2013), Mythologizing Jesus: From Jewish Teacher to Epic Hero, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-5891-5
Machen, Gresham (1987), Virgin Birth of Christ, Ingram Press, ISBN 978-0-227-67630-1
Marchadour, A.; Neuhaus, D.; Martini, C. C. (2009), The Land, the Bible, and History: Toward the Land That I Will Show You, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823226610
Mettinger, Tryggve N. D. (2004), "The "Dying and Rising God": A Survey of Research from Frazer to the Present Day", dalam Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L., David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, ISBN 1-57506-092-2
Meyer, Marvin (2013) [2011], "The Young Streaker in Secret and Canonical Mark", dalam Burke, Tony, Ancient Gospel or Modern Forgery?: The Secret Gospel of Mark in Debate: Proceedings from the 2011 York University Christian Apocrypha Symposium, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, ISBN 978-1-62032-186-7
Ogden, Daniel (2013), Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-955732-5
Orchard, Helen (1998), Courting Betrayal: Jesus as Victim in the Gospel of John, Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 161, Gender, Culture, Theory 5, Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press Ltd., ISBN 9781850758846
Patella, Michael (2006), Lord of the Cosmos: Mithras, Paul, and the Gospel of Mark, New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark, ISBN 0-567-02532-2
Perkins, Pheme (2007), Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels, Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, England: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-8028-6553-3
Pinch, Geraldine (2004) [2002], Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517024-5
Porter, Stanley E. (2015), John, His Gospel, and Jesus: In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, hlm. 102–104, ISBN 978-0-8028-7170-1
Price, Robert M. (2000). Deconstructing Jesus. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-758-1.
Price, Robert M. (2005). "New Testament narrative as Old Testament midrash". Dalam Jacob Neusner and Alan J. Avery-Peck. Encyclopaedia of Midrash: Biblical Interpretation in Formative Judaism. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-14166-7.
Reid, Donald Malcolm (2002), Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22197-4
Sanders, E. P. (1993), The Historical Figure of Jesus, London, England, New York City, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-014499-4
Sandnes, Karl Olav (2005), "Imitatio Homeri?: An Appraisal of Dennis R. MacDonald's "Mimesis Criticism"", Journal of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature, 124 (4): 715–732, doi:10.2307/30041066, JSTOR 30041066
Salier, Willis Hedley (2004), The Rhetorical Impact of the Sēmeia in the Gospel of John, Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 3-16-148407-X
Schweitzer, Albert (2000) [1913]. The Quest of the Historical Jesus. edited by John Bowden (edisi ke-first complete). London: SCM. ISBN 978-0-334-02791-1.
Seidler, Naomi (2006), Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation, Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-74505-3
Smalley, Stephen S. (2012) [1978], John: Evangelist and Interpreter, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, hlm. 87–88, ISBN 978-1-62032-295-6
Smith, Jonathan Z. (1987), "Dying and Rising Gods", dalam Eliade, Mircea, The Encyclopedia of Religion, IV, London, England: Macmillan, hlm. 521–527, ISBN 0029097002
Shorrock, Robert (2011), The Myth of Paganism: Nonnus, Dionysus and the World of Late Antiquity, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1-4725-1966-5
Stibbe, Mark W. G. (1993), "The Elusive Christ: A New Reading of the Fourth Gospel", The Gospel of John As Literature: An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Perspectives, Leiden, The Netherlands, ISBN 90-04-09932-8
Stibbe, Mark W. G. (1994) [1992], John as Storyteller: Narrative Criticism and the Fourth Gospel, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-47765-4
Struthers, Jane (2012), The Book of Christmas: Everything We Once Knew and Loved about Christmastime, London, England: Ebury Press, hlm. 17–21, ISBN 9780091947293
Taylor, Joan E. (1993), Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-814785-6
Taylor, Joan E. (2018), What Did Jesus Look Like?, New York City, New York: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, ISBN 978-0-5676-7151-6
Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-0863-8.
Thompson, Thomas L. (2005). The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-08577-4.
Ulansey, David (1989), The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-506788-6
van Eck, Ernest (2016), The Parables of Jesus the Galilean: Stories of a Social Prophet, Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, ISBN 978-1-4982-3372-9
Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000), Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5
Van Voorst, Robert E. (2003). "Nonexistence Hypothesis". Dalam James Leslie Houlden. Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. hlm. 658–660.
Warner, Marina (2016) [1976], Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-963994-6
Watts, Joel L. (2013), Mimetic Criticism and the Gospel of Mark: An Introduction and Commentary, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, ISBN 978-1-62032-289-5
Weaver, Walter P. (1999). The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1950. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity. ISBN 978-1-56338-280-2.
Wells, G. A. (April–June 1969). "Stages of New Testament Criticism". Journal of the History of Ideas. 30 (2): 147–160. doi:10.2307/2708429. JSTOR 2708429.
Wells, G. A. (January–March 1973). "Friedrich Solmsen on Christian Origins". Journal of the History of Ideas. 34 (1): 143–144. doi:10.2307/2708950. JSTOR 2708950.
Wills, Laurence M. (2005) [1997], The Quest of the Historical Gospel: Mark, John and the Origins of the Gospel Genre, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-203-44200-8

[6] While discussing the "striking" fact that "we don't have any Roman records, of any kind, that attest to the existence of Jesus," Ehrman dismisses claims that this means Jesus never existed, saying, "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on clear and certain evidence."^[5]

[8] Robert M. Price, a former fundamentalist apologist turned atheist who says the existence of Jesus cannot be ruled out, but is less probable than non-existence, agrees that his perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars.^[6]

[10] Michael Grant (a classicist) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus, or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary."^[7]

[12] "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more."^[8]

[14] Maurice Casey, an irreligious Emeritus Professor of New Testament Languages and Literature at the University of Nottingham, concludes in his book Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths? that "the whole idea that Jesus of Nazareth did not exist as a historical figure is verifiably false. Moreover, it has not been produced by anyone or anything with any reasonable relationship to critical scholarship. It belongs to the fantasy lives of people who used to be fundamentalist Christians. They did not believe in critical scholarship then, and they do not do so now. I cannot find any evidence that any of them have adequate professional qualifications."^[9]

[Blomberg-1] Blomberg, Craig L. (2007). The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830828074.

[Carrier-2] Carrier, Richard Lane (2014). On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt. Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 9781909697355.

[fox-3] Fox, Robin Lane (2005). The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. Basic Books. hlm. 48. ISBN 978-0465024971.

[nobbs-4] Dickson, John. "Best of 2012: The irreligious assault on the historicity of Jesus". Abc.net.au. Diakses tanggal 17 June 2014.

[Ehrman2011-5] Bart D. Ehrman (22 March 2011). Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are. HarperCollins. hlm. 285. ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6.

[Dunn2010-7] James Douglas Grant Dunn (1 February 2010). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. SPCK Publishing. hlm. 61. ISBN 978-0-281-06329-1.

[Grant2004-9] Michael Grant (January 2004). Jesus. Orion. hlm. 200. ISBN 978-1-898799-88-7.

[BurridgeGould2004-11] Richard A. Burridge; Graham Gould (2004). Jesus Now and Then. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. hlm. 34. ISBN 978-0-8028-0977-3.

[FOOTNOTECasey2014243-13] Casey 2014, hlm. 243.

[FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184–185-15] Ehrman 2012, hlm. 184–185.

[FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198–199-16] Ehrman 2012, hlm. 198–199.

[FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200753–54-17] Eddy & Boyd 2007, hlm. 53–54.

[FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998133–134-18] Edelstein & Edelstein 1998, hlm. 133–134.

[FOOTNOTEHill200467–68-19] Hill 2004, hlm. 67–68.

[FOOTNOTESanders199385–88-20] Sanders 1993, hlm. 85–88.

[FOOTNOTESalier200466–69-21] Salier 2004, hlm. 66–69.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[nb 1]

[nb 2]

[nb 3]

[nb 4]

[nb 5]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

Yesus dalam mitologi komparatif

Catatan

Referensi

Daftar pustaka

Read other articles:

cekakak

Бассо

Mercury MA-7

World Trade Center (Helsinki)

Kolonie Aden

Veľké Solisko

Jelko Kacin

سيف باري تيتو

1949 Philippine presidential election

Ashraf Sinclair

Wojska rakietowe

Levofenfluramine

Киселёв, Василий Семёнович

Owen Tudor

Коворотний Сергій Володимирович

Tigalingga, Dairi

Fahmi Massiara

Destroy Rock & Roll

Cendant

Pretty Black Dots

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia