The election was the first general election victory for Labour since 2005, and ended the Conservatives' fourteen-year tenure as the primary governing party. Labour achieved a 174-seat simple majority, and a total of 411 seats, a single-party figure surpassed only by Tony Blair in 1997.[b] The party's vote share was 33.7%, the lowest of any majority party on record, making this the least proportional general election in British history according to the Gallagher index.[3] Labour won 211 more seats than the previous general election in 2019, but half a million fewer total votes. The party became the largest in England for the first time since 2005, in Scotland for the first time since 2010, and retained its status as the largest party in Wales.[4] It lost seven seats: five to independent candidates in seats with sizeable Muslim populations, largely attributed to its stance on the Israel–Hamas war; one to the Green Party of England and Wales; and one to the Conservatives.
The Conservative Party was reduced to 121 seats on a vote share of 23.7%, the worst result in its history. It lost 251 seats in total, including those of twelve Cabinet ministers and also South West Norfolk, the seat of the former prime minister Liz Truss.[5] It also lost all its seats in Wales.[6] The Conservatives' notional loss of 251 seats represents the highest decrease for any party at a single election in British history, narrowly surpassing 1906, and the corresponding Labour gain of 211 is the largest since 1945. The combined Labour and Conservative vote share was 57.4%, the lowest since the December 1910 general election.
Smaller parties took a record 42.6% of the vote in the election: the Liberal Democrats, led by Ed Davey, made the most significant gains, of seventy-two seats, with a total of 3.5 million votes; like Labour, this represented a decline in their vote from 2019. It was the party's best-ever result and made it the third-largest party in the Commons, a status it had previously held but lost at the 2015 general election.[7]Reform UK achieved the third-highest vote share at 14.3%, with over four million votes, which won it five seats, and the Green Party of England and Wales won four seats; both parties achieved their best parliamentary results in history. In Wales Plaid Cymru won four seats. In Scotland the Scottish National Party was reduced from forty-eight seats to nine, and lost its status as the third-largest party in the Commons.[8] In Northern Ireland, which has a distinct set of political parties,[9]Sinn Féin retained its seven seats and therefore became the largest party; this was the first election in which an Irish nationalist party won the most seats in Northern Ireland. The Democratic Unionist Party won five seats, a reduction from eight at the 2019 general election. The Social Democratic and Labour Party won two seats, and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, the Ulster Unionist Party and Traditional Unionist Voice won one seat each, and the independent unionist Alex Easton won North Down. Many of the record number of newly-elected independent MPs, including the former leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn, formed the Independent Alliance group in parliament.
During his premiership, Sunak was credited with improving the economy and stabilising national politics following the premierships of his predecessors,[26] although many of his pledges and policy announcements ultimately went unfulfilled.[27][28] He did not avert further unpopularity for the Conservatives who, by the time of Sunak's election, had been in government for 12 years. Public opinion in favour of a change in government was reflected in the Conservatives' poor performance at the 2022, 2023 and 2024 local elections.[29]
Political background of other parties before the election
Keir Starmer won the Labour Party's 2020 leadership election, succeeding Jeremy Corbyn.[30] Under his leadership, Starmer repositioned the party away from the left and toward the political centre, and also emphasised the elimination of antisemitism within the party.[31][32] Starmer's leading his party rightward in order to improve its electability has been widely compared to Tony Blair's development of New Labour in the 1990s. The political turmoil from the Conservative scandals and government crises led to Labour having a significant lead in polling over the Conservatives, often by very wide margins, since late 2021, coinciding with the start of the Partygate scandal.[16][17] Labour made gains in local elections: in the 2023 local elections, Labour gained more than 500 councillors and 22 councils, becoming the largest party in local government for the first time since 2002.[33]
Ed Davey, who previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition, won the Liberal Democrat's 2020 leadership election, succeeding Jo Swinson, who lost her seat in the previous general election.[34] Davey prioritised defeating the Conservatives and ruled out working with them following the election.[35] The Liberal Democrats made gains in local elections: in the 2024 local elections, the Liberal Democrats finished second for the first time in a local election cycle since 2009.[36]
New political parties who made their campaign debuts in this election included the Alba Party, led by former Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond, and the Workers Party of Britain, led by anti-war activist George Galloway, who won the 2024 Rochdale by-election in a political upset three months before the election was called – advertising himself as a protest candidate against Labour's stance on the Israel–Hamas war and appealing to the constituency's sizeable Muslim population.[45] However, Alba lost both their seats and the Workers Party lost their sole seat of Rochdale after Galloway lost it to Labour's Paul Waugh, having only been an MP for 92 days.[46]
Changes to the composition of the House of Commons before the election
This table relates to the composition of the House of Commons at the 2019 general election and its dissolution on 30 May 2024 and summarises the changes in party affiliation that took place during the 2019–2024 Parliament.
Originally the next election was scheduled to take place on 2 May 2024 under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011.[o] At the 2019 general election, in which the Conservatives won a majority of 80 seats, the party's manifesto contained a commitment to repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act.[59] In December 2020, the government duly published a draft Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill, later retitled the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022.[60][61] This entered into force on 24 March 2022. Thus, the prime minister can again request the monarch to dissolve Parliament and call an early election with 25 working days' notice. Section 4 of the Act provided: "If it has not been dissolved earlier, a Parliament dissolves at the beginning of the day that is the fifth anniversary of the day on which it first met". The Electoral Commission confirmed that the 2019 Parliament would, therefore, have to be dissolved, at the latest, by 17 December 2024, and that the next general election had to take place no later than 28 January 2025.[62][63]
With no election date fixed in law, there was speculation as to when the prime minister, Rishi Sunak, would call an election. On 18 December 2023, Sunak told journalists that the election would take place in 2024 rather than January 2025.[64] On 4 January, he first suggested the general election would probably be in the second half of 2024.[65] Throughout 2024, political commentators and MPs expected the election to be held in the autumn.[66][67][68] On 22 May 2024, following much speculation through the day (including being asked about it by Stephen Flynn at Prime Minister's Questions),[69][70][71] Sunak officially announced the election would be held on 4 July with the dissolution of the Parliament on 30 May.[72]
The deadline for candidate nominations was 7 June 2024, with political campaigning for four weeks until polling day on 4 July. On the day of the election, polling stations across the country were open from 7 am, and closed at 10 pm. The date chosen for the 2024 general election made it the first to be held in July since the 1945 general election almost exactly seventy-nine years earlier. A total of 4,515 candidates were nominated, more than in any previous general election.[73]
Timetable
Key dates
Date
Event
22 May
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak requests a dissolution of parliament from King Charles III and announces the date of polling day for the general election as 4 July.[74]
Dissolution of parliament and official start of the campaign. Royal Proclamation issued dissolving the 2019 Parliament, summoning the 2024 Parliament and setting the date for its first meeting.[76]
7 June
Nominations of candidates close (4pm). Publication of statement of persons nominated, including notice of poll and situation of polling stations (5pm).[77]
13 June
Deadline to register to vote at 11:59pm in Northern Ireland.
Labour wins election with an eventual 174-seat majority. End of pre-election period (also known as purdah). Sir Keir Starmer is appointed Prime Minister by King Charles III and forms a new government following the resignation of Rishi Sunak.[78][79]
6 July
Results announced for final two undeclared seats, following recounts.
General elections in the United Kingdom are organised using first-past-the-post voting. The Conservative Party, which won a majority at the 2019 general election, included pledges in its manifesto to remove the 15-year limit on voting for British citizens living abroad, and to introduce a voter identification requirement in Great Britain.[86] These changes were included in the Elections Act 2022.[87]
Boundary reviews
A school being used as a polling station on election day in the constituency of Hampstead & Highgate. The polling station had been in a different constituency before the boundary review.
The Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which proposed reducing the number of constituencies from 650 to 600, commenced in 2011 but temporarily stopped in January 2013. Following the 2015 general election, each of the four parliamentary boundary commissions of the United Kingdom recommenced their review process in April 2016.[88][89][90] The four commissions submitted their final recommendations to the Secretary of State on 5 September 2018[91][92] and made their reports public a week later.[93][94][95][91] However, the proposals were never put forward for approval before the calling of the general election held on 12 December 2019, and in December 2020 the reviews were formally abandoned under the Schedule to the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020.[96] A projection by psephologistsColin Rallings and Michael Thrasher of how the 2017 votes would have translated to seats under the 2018 boundaries suggested the changes would have been beneficial to the Conservatives and detrimental to Labour.[97][98]
In March 2020, Cabinet Office minister Chloe Smith confirmed that the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies would be based on retaining 650 seats.[99][100] The previous relevant legislation was amended by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020[101] and the four boundary commissions formally launched their 2023 reviews on 5 January 2021.[102][103][104][105] They were required to issue their final reports prior to 1 July 2023.[96] Once the reports had been laid before Parliament, Orders in Council giving effect to the final proposals had to be made within four months, unless "there are exceptional circumstances". Prior to the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020, boundary changes could not be implemented until they were approved by both Houses of Parliament. The boundary changes were approved at a meeting of the Privy Council on 15 November 2023[106] and came into force on 29 November 2023,[107] meaning that the election was contested on these new boundaries.[108]
The notional results of the 2019 election, if they had taken place under boundaries recommended by the Sixth Periodic Review.
The election was contested under new constituency boundaries established by the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. Consequently, media outlets reported seat gains and losses as compared to notional results. These are estimates of the results if all votes cast in 2019 were unchanged, but regrouped by the new constituency boundaries.[109] Since notional results in the vote counts at parliamentary elections in the UK do not yield figures at any level more specific than that of the whole constituency,[110] it is only possible to estimate the notional results, with the assistance of local election results.
In Scotland, 57 MPs were elected, down from the 59 in 2019,[114] with the following notional partisan composition of Scotland's parliamentary delegation. The Scottish National Party would have remained steady on 48 seats despite two of its constituencies being dissolved. The Scottish Conservatives' seat count of six would likewise remained unchanged. Scottish Labour would have retained Edinburgh South, the sole constituency they won in 2019. Had the 2019 general election occurred with the new boundaries in effect, the Scottish Liberal Democrats would have only won two seats (Edinburgh West and Orkney and Shetland), instead of the four they did win that year, as the expanded electorates in the other two would overcome their slender majorities.[115]
Under the new boundaries, Wales lost eight seats, electing 32 MPs instead of the 40 it elected in 2019. Welsh Labour would have won 18 instead of the 22 MPs it elected in 2019, and the Welsh Conservatives 12 instead of 14. Due to the abolition and merging of rural constituencies in West Wales, Plaid Cymru would have only won two seats instead of four. Nonetheless, the boundary changes were expected to cause difficulty for the Conservatives as more pro-Labour areas were added to some of their safest seats.[116]
Labour entered the election with a large lead over the Conservatives in opinion polls, and the potential scale of the party's victory was a topic of discussion during the campaign period.[10][11] The economy, healthcare, education, infrastructure development, environment, housing, energy, and immigration, and standards in public office were main campaign topics. The Conservative campaign led by Rishi Sunak focused primarily on attacks towards Labour over alleged tax plans including a disproven claim that Labour would cost households £2000 more in tax.[118][119]
Keir Starmer used the word "change" as his campaign slogan and offered voters the chance to "turn the page" by voting Labour.[120] The Liberal Democrat campaign led by Ed Davey was dominated by his campaign stunts, which were used to bring attention to campaign topics.[121][122] When asked about these stunts, Davey said: "Politicians need to take the concerns and interests of voters seriously but I'm not sure they need to take themselves seriously all the time and I'm quite happy to have some fun."[123] Party manifesto and fiscal spending plans were independently analysed by the Institute for Fiscal Studies[124] and their environmental policies were assessed by Friends of the Earth.[125]
Announcement
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announcing the date of the election
On the afternoon of 22 May 2024, Sunak announced that he had asked the King to call a general election for 4 July 2024, surprising his own MPs.[126] Though Sunak had the option to wait until December 2024 to call the election, he said that he decided on the date because he believed that the economy was improving, and that "falling inflation and net migration figures would reinforce the Conservative Party's election message of 'sticking to the plan'".[127] The calling of the election was welcomed by all major parties.[128]
At the beginning of the campaign, Labour had a significant lead in polling over the Conservatives.[29][133] Polling also showed Labour doing well against the Scottish National Party (SNP) in Scotland.[134] When visiting Windermere, Davey fell off a paddleboard, while campaigning to highlight the issue of sewage discharges into rivers and lakes.[135] A couple of days later, Davey won media attention when going down a Slip 'N Slide, while drawing attention to deteriorating mental health among children.[123]
On 23 May, Sunak said that before the election there would be no flights to Rwanda for those seeking asylum.[136] Immigration figures were published for 2023 showing immigration remained at historically high levels, but had fallen compared to 2022.[137]Nigel Farage announced that he would not be standing in the general election, preferring to focus on campaigning for the 2024 United States presidential election instead.[138] However, Farage later announced on 3 June that, contrary to his statement earlier in the campaign, he would stand for Parliament in Clacton, and that he had resumed leadership of Reform UK, taking over from Richard Tice, who remained the party's chairman. Farage also predicted that Labour would win the election, whilst stating the Conservatives were incapable of being the Official Opposition due to having spent "much of the last five years fighting each other rather than fighting for the interests of this country."[139] Davey released the Liberal Democrat campaign in Cheltenham in Gloucestershire.[140] The SNP campaign launch the same day was overshadowed over a dispute around leader John Swinney's support for Michael Matheson and developments in Operation Branchform.[141] Starmer launched the Labour Party campaign in Gillingham at the Priestfield Stadium.[142]
On 24 May, the Conservatives proposed setting up a Royal Commission to consider a form of mandatory national service.[143] It would be made up of two streams for 18-year-olds to choose from, either 'community volunteering' by volunteering with organisations such as the NHS, fire service, ambulance, search and rescue, and critical local infrastructure, or 'military training' in areas like logistics and cyber security.[144] Former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn announced on 24 May he was running as an independent in Islington North against a Labour candidate, and was thus expelled from the party.[145]
On 27 May, Starmer made a keynote speech on security and other issues.[146][147] On 28 May, the Conservatives pledged a "Triple Lock Plus" where the personal income tax allowance for pensioners would always stay higher than the state pension.[148][149] Davey went paddleboarding on Lake Windermere in the marginal constituency of Westmorland and Lonsdale, highlighting the release of sewage in waterways.[150] He pledged to abolish Ofwat and introduce a new water regulator to tackle the situation, in addition to proposing a ban on bonuses for chief executives of water companies.[151] Starmer was in West Sussex and emphasised his small town roots in his first big campaign speech.[152]
On 29 May, Labour's Wes Streeting promised a 18-week NHS waiting target within five years of a Labour government.[153] Labour also pledged to double number of NHS scanners in England. On the same day Starmer denied that Diane Abbott had been blocked as a candidate amid differing reports.[154] Abbott had been elected as a Labour MP, but had been suspended from the parliamentary party for a brief period. There was controversy about further Labour Party candidate selections, with several candidates on the left of the party being excluded.[155] Abbott said she had been barred from standing as a Labour Party candidate at the election, but Starmer later said she would be "free" to stand as a Labour candidate.[156]
On 31 May, the Conservatives announced new "pride in places" pledges, including new rules to tackle anti-social behaviour, rolling out the hot-spot policing programme to more areas, and more town regeneration projects. The Conservatives also unveiled plans for fly-tippers to get points on their driving licences and other new measures to protect the environment.[163]
On 2 June, Labour pledged to reduce record high legal immigration to the United Kingdom by improving training for British workers.[164] Net migration to the UK was 685,000 in 2023.[165][166][167] Labour also focused on national security, with Starmer reaffirming his commitment to a "nuclear deterrent triple lock", including building four new nuclear submarines.[139] A YouGov poll conducted on the same day put Labour on course for the party's biggest election victory in history, beating Tony Blair's 1997 landslide.[168]
On 4 June, Farage launched his campaign in Clacton.[169] He predicted the previous day that Reform UK would be the Official Opposition following the election as opposed to the Conservatives, saying that the Conservatives are incapable of being the Opposition due to "spending most of the last five years fighting each other rather than fighting for the interests of this country".[170]
6–12 June
On 6 June, the Green Party announced plans to invest an extra £50 billion a year for the NHS by raising taxes on the top 1% of earners.[171] The Conservatives announced a policy on expanding child benefit for higher-earners.[172] Labour also announced communities will be given powers to transform derelict areas into parks and green spaces. Labour's countryside protection plan would also include the planting new national forests, taskforces for tree-planting and flood resilience, new river pathways, and a commitment to revive nature.[173] Green spaces would be a requirement in the development of new housing and town plans.[174]
Both Sunak and Starmer attended D-Day commemorations in Normandy on 6 June, the 80th anniversary of Operation Neptune. Sunak was widely criticised for leaving events early to do an interview with ITV, including by veterans.[175] Starmer met with Volodymyr Zelenskyy and King Charles III during the D-Day commemorations, and said that Sunak "has to answer for his actions".[176][177] Sunak apologised the next day[178] and apologised again on 10 June.[179] He made a third apology on 12 June.[180]
Farage was among those critical of Sunak over his leaving the D-Day events,[181] saying on 7 June that Sunak did not understand "our culture". Conservative and Labour politicians criticised these words as being a racist attack on Sunak, which Farage denied.[182] On 10 June, Labour pledged 100,000 new childcare places and more than 3,000 new nurseries as part of its childcare plan.[183] It also announced its Child Health Action Plan, which included providing every school with a qualified mental health counselor, boosting preventative mental health services, transforming NHS dentistry, legislating for a progressive ban on smoking, banning junk food advertising to children, and banning energy drinks for under 16s.[184][185]
Labour released its plan for small business on 8 June, which included pledges to replace the current business rates system and to tackle the skill shortage by creating a new public body, Skills England.[186] They also pledged to revitalise Britain's high streets and a new trade strategy.[187]
The Liberal Democrat manifesto For a Fair Deal was released on 10 June,[188][189] which included commitments on free personal care in England,[190] investment in the NHS including more GPs, increased funding for education and childcare (including a tutoring guarantee for children from low-income families), increased funding for public services, tax reforms, reaching net zero by 2045 (5 years before the current government target of 2050), investing in green infrastructure, innovation, training and skills across the UK to boost economic growth, and removing the two-child limit on tax and benefits.[191] The Liberal Democrats also offered a lifelong skills grant, giving adults £5,000 to spend on improving their skills.[192] The party wants electoral reform, and pledged to introduce proportional representation for electing MPs, and local councillors in England, and cap donations to political parties.[193][194]
Sunak released the Conservative manifesto Clear Plan. Bold Action. Secure Future. on 11 June, addressing the economy, taxes, welfare, expanding free childcare, education, healthcare, environment, energy, transport, community, and crime.[195][196] They pledged to lower taxes, increase education and NHS spending, deliver 92,000 more nurses and 28,000 more doctors, introduce a new model of National Service, continue to expand apprenticeships and vocational training, simplify the planning system to speed up infrastructure projects (digital, transport and energy), and to treble Britain's offshore wind capacity and support solar energy. The manifesto includes a pledge to abolish Stamp Duty on homes worth up to £425,000 for first time buyers and expand the Help to Buy scheme.[197] The Conservatives also pledged a recruitment of 8,000 new police officers and a rollout of facial recognition technology.[198] Much of what has been proposed is already incorporated in the 2023 and 2024 budget.[199][200][201]
Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay released the Green Party's manifesto Real Hope. Real Change. on 12 June, which pledged more taxes on the highest earners, generating £70 billion a year to help tackle climate change and the NHS. They also pledged increased spending for public services, free personal care in England, renationalisation of railway, water and energy, a green society, a wealth tax, a carbon tax, and a windfall tax on the profit of banks.[202][203] The manifesto promises quicker access to NHS dentistry and GPs and reductions in the hospital waiting list. They would also reach net zero by 2040 and introduce rent controls.[204][205]
On 12 June, Conservative minister Grant Shapps said in a radio interview that voters should support the Conservatives so as to prevent Labour winning "a super-majority", meaning a large majority (the UK Parliament does not have any formal supermajority rules). This was interpreted by journalists as a possible and surprising admission of defeat.[206][207][208] It paralleled social media advertising by the Conservatives that also focused on urging votes not to give Starmer a large majority.[209]
13–19 June
On 13 June, Starmer released the Labour Party manifesto Change, which focused on economic growth, planning system reforms, infrastructure, clean energy, healthcare, education, childcare, crime, and strengthening workers' rights.[210][211] It pledged a new publicly owned energy company (Great British Energy) and National Wealth Fund, a ''Green Prosperity Plan", rebuilding the NHS and reducing patient waiting times, free breakfast clubs in primary schools, investing in green infrastructure, innovation, training and skills across the UK to boost economic growth, and renationalisation of the railway network (Great British Railways).[212] It includes wealth creation and "pro-business and pro-worker" policies.[213] The manifesto also pledged to give votes to 16-year olds, reform the House of Lords, and to tax private schools, with money generated going into improving state education.[214][215][216] The party guaranteed giving all areas of England devolution powers, in areas such as integrated transport, planning, skills, and health.[217][218]
On 17 June, Farage and Tice released the Reform UK manifesto, which they called a "contract" (Our Contract with You). It pledged to lower taxes, lower immigration, increase funding for public services, reform the NHS and decrease its waiting lists down to zero, bring utilities and critical national infrastructure under 50% public ownership (the other 50% owned by pension funds), replace the House of Lords with a more democratic second chamber, and to replace first-past-the-post voting with a system of proportional representation.[219] It also pledged to accelerate transport infrastructure in coastal regions, Wales, the North, and the Midlands.[220][221] The party also wants to freeze non-essential immigration and recruit 40,000 new police officers.[222] Reform UK are the only major party to oppose the current net zero target made by the government.[223] Instead, it pledged to support the environment with more tree planting, more recycling and less single-use plastics.[224][225][226] Farage predicted Labour would win the election, but said he was planning to campaign for the next election.[227]
Labour's Rachel Reeves claimed Labour's green plans would create over 650,000 jobs.[228][229] The Liberal Democrats offered more cost-of-living help for rural communities.[230] Davey highlighted his manifesto pledge to build 380,000 new homes a year, 150,000 of which would be social homes.[231] On 18 June, Labour pledged hundreds of new banking hubs, to ''breathe life'' into high streets.[232][233] Labour also promised a large increase of renewable energy jobs, backed by new green apprenticeships.[234]
On 19 June, both the SNP and Sinn Féin released their manifestos. Swinney said a vote for his party would "intensify" the pressure to secure a second Scottish independence referendum, with other pledges in the SNP manifesto including boosting NHS funding, scrapping the two-child limit on benefits, calling for an immediate ceasefire in the Gaza Strip, scrapping the Trident defence programme, re-joining the European Union, transitioning to a green economy attracting more foreign migrants,[235] tackling drug deaths and devolving broadcasting powers.[236] The Sinn Féin manifesto called for greater devolution to Northern Ireland and for the UK and Irish governments to set a date for a referendum on the unification of Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland.[237]
Galloway released the Workers Party manifesto, with promises to improve "poverty pay" and provide more social housing.[238] It pledged the renationalisation of utility companies, free school meals for all children without means testing, free adult education, and to hold a referendum on the continued existence of the monarchy and proportional representation for elections.[239]
David TC Davies, the Secretary of State for Wales, told a BBC interview the polls were "clearly pointing at a large Labour majority", but added that he believed there was "no great optimism" from voters.[240] A potentially large Labour majority was also acknowledged by Jeremy Hunt, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Mel Stride, the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions.[241] Alison McGarry, the Labour chair of Islington North, resigned from the Labour Party after being spotted campaigning for Corbyn; she resigned rather than face expulsion for breaking the party's rules on campaigning for a rival candidate.[242]
20–26 June
On 20 June, the parties focused on housing. Labour pledged action to protect renters with new legal protections for tenants. It would immediately ban Section 21 "no-fault" evictions, as part of plans to reform the private rented sector in England.[243] Labour also pledged to reform planning laws and build 1.5 million homes to spread homeownership.[244] They would also ensure new housing is supported by new local infrastructure (public transport, healthcare, schools), and pledged to build more housing near railway stations and on the 'grey belt' (disused car parks or industrial estates).[245] The Conservatives offered stronger legal protections for tenants, including banning Section 21 "no-fault" evictions.[246] They said they would build 1.6 million new homes (including social housing) with new local infrastructure, prioritising brownfield development, while protecting the countryside.[247] The Liberal Democrats offered more protections for tenants, additional social housing, and more garden cities.[248][249]
Also on 20 June, the Alliance Party in Northern Ireland launched their manifesto.[250] Its core policies include reforming the political institutions, dedicated funding for integrated education, a Green New Deal to decarbonise Northern Ireland's economy, childcare reforms, and lowering the voting age to 16.[251]
On 21 June, in an interview, Farage repeated comments he had made previously stating that the West and NATO provoked Russia's invasion of Ukraine. He was criticised for this by Sunak and Starmer.[252] He also stated that Reform UK would lower the tax burden to encourage people into work.[253] Farage stated in another interview that he would remove university tuition fees if he won power for those studying science, technology, engineering, medicine or maths. Reform UK have already pledged to scrap interest on student loans and to extend the loan capital repayment periods to 45 years.[254] Farage also declared his ambition for Reform UK to replace the Conservatives as the biggest right-wing party in Parliament.[255]
The Conservatives pledged a review of licensing laws and planning rules aimed at boosting pubs, restaurants and music venues.[256] Labour framed its 10-year science and R&D budget plans as part of its industrial strategy, with an aim of boosting workforce and regional development.[257][258] Labour and the Liberal Democrats also focused on water pollution and improving England's water quality.[259][260] Labour pledged to put failing water companies who do not meet ''high environmental standards'' under special measures, give regulators new powers to block the payment of bonuses to executives who pollute waterways, and criminal charges against persistent law breakers. They also ensured independent monitoring of every outlet.[261]
On 24 June, Labour focused on NHS dentistry and health, and also pledged to hold a knife crime summit every year and halve incidents within a decade.[262][263] The Greens pledged to end 'dental deserts' with £3 billion for new NHS contracts.[264]
The Liberal Democrats launched a mini-manifesto for carers.[265] It pledged to establish an independent living taskforce to help people live independently in their own homes, a new care worker's minimum wage to raise their pay by £2 an hour, and a new National Care Agency. Sunak released the Scottish Conservatives' manifesto.[266] Starmer discussed a proposed Football Governance Bill,[267] which will establish the new Independent Football Regulator.[268] The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats have also committed to introducing an Independent Football Regulator.[269] The Liberal Democrats pledged to establish a series of "creative enterprise zones" across the UK to regenerate cultural output.[270]
On 26 June, Alex Salmond released the Alba Party manifesto. It pledged to increase funding for public services, increase NHS staffing, provide an annual £500 payment to households receiving the council tax reduction at a cost of £250 million, increase the Scottish Child Payment, reducing fuel bills, a new Scottish clean energy public company, and Scottish Independence.[271]
Starmer pledged GP reforms, including the training of thousands more GPs, updating the NHS App, and bringing back the 'family doctor'.[272] Labour would also trial new "neighbourhood health centres".[273] The Social Democratic and Labour Party also launched their manifesto on 26 June in Northern Ireland.[274] It pledged a 'Marshall Plan' to tackle health, institutional reform, stronger environmental protection with an independent Environmental Protection Agency, and improving NI's financial settlement.[275]
27 June – 4 July
On 27 June, Labour pledged to reform careers advice and work experience in schools for one million pupils, committing to deliver two weeks' worth of quality work experience for every young person, and recruit more than thousands of new careers advisers.[276] This is part of the party's wider plan to establish a "youth guarantee" of access to training, an apprenticeship or support to find work for all 18 to 21-year-olds.[277][278]
On 27 June, an undercover Channel 4 journalist secretly recorded members of Farage's campaign team using offensive racial, Islamophobic and homophobic language, also suggesting refugees should be used as "target practice".[279] In a statement, Farage said that he was "dismayed" at the "reprehensible" language.[280] Tice said that racist comments were "inappropriate".[279] Farage later accused Channel 4 of a "set-up", stating that one of the canvassers, Andrew Parker, had been an actor. Farage stated that Parker had been "acting from the moment he came into the office", and cited video of Parker performing "rough-speaking" from his acting website. Channel 4 denied that Parker was known to them prior to the report.[281] Regarding other members of his campaign team, Farage stated that the individuals in question had "watched England play football, they were in the pub, they were drunk, it was crass."[282]
On 29 June, the Liberal Democrats called for an 'emergency NHS budget' to hire more GPs.[283] Starmer hosted a major campaign rally,[284] and stated in The Guardian "if you vote Labour on Thursday, the work of change begins. We will launch a new national mission to create wealth in every community. We'll get to work on repairing our public services with an immediate cash injection, alongside urgent reforms. And we will break with recent years by always putting country before party".[284][285]
The Greens announced a 'Charter for Small Business', which pledged £2 billion per year in grant funding for local authorities, regional mutual banks for investment in decarbonisation and local economic sustainability, and increasing annual public subsidies for rail and bus travel to £10 billion.[286][287] They also pledged free bus travel for under-18s.[288] The Northern Ireland Conservatives also launched their manifesto.[289] On 30 June, the Liberal Democrats pledged to double funding for Bereavement Support Payments, and to spend £440 million a year on support for bereaved families.[290]
On 2 July, the Greens announced its £8 billion education package would include scrapping tuition fees, providing free school meals for all children, a qualified counsellor in every school and college, and new special needs provision. They also want to end formal testing in primary and secondary schools with a system of continuous assessment.[291] Former prime minister Boris Johnson campaigned for the Conservatives.[292] On 3 July, the political parties made their closing arguments on the last day of campaigning, with Sunak stating he would "take full responsibility" for the result.[293] At the end of the campaign, Labour maintained their significant lead in polling over the Conservatives, and had endorsements from celebrities, including Elton John.[294]
On 12 June 2024, it was reported that Conservative candidate and Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Craig Williams had placed a £100 bet on the date of the election being in July, three days before the date was announced. The bet was referred to the Gambling Commission to determine whether Williams had placed the bet based on confidential information, which could constitute a criminal offence.[297] Williams apologised for the bet, but neither he nor Sunak would answer whether he had inside information.[298][299]
On 19 June, a police protection officer assigned to Sunak was arrested for betting on the election date.[300][301][302] On the same day, it was also announced that Laura Saunders, the Conservative candidate for Bristol North West, was being investigated for betting on the election date. Her husband, Tony Lee, is also being investigated by the Gambling Commission and took a leave of absence from his role as the party's director of campaigning on 19 June.[303][304][305]
Over the following two weeks, it was reported that dozens of further Conservative Party-linked officials were being investigated by the Gambling Commission,[306] including Conservative Party's chief data officer, Nick Mason;[307]The Times reported that the investigation was being widened to 100s of suspicious bets.[308] On 25 June, both Craig Williams and Laura Saunders had their support for their candidacies withdrawn by the Conservative Party.
Rishi Sunak challenged Keir Starmer to six televised debates.[309] Starmer announced that he would not agree to such a proposal, and offered two head-to-head debates—one shown on the BBC, and one shown on ITV; a spokesperson said both networks would offer the greatest audience, and the prospect of any debates on smaller channels would be rejected as it would not be a "valuable use of campaign time". Ed Davey declared his wish to be included in "any televised debates", although he would ultimately only be featured in one debate.[310]
On 29 May, it was announced that the first leaders' debate would be hosted by ITV News with Julie Etchingham as moderator, on 4 June.[311] Key topics were the cost of living crisis, the National Health Service (NHS), young people, education, immigration and tax policy.[312] Sunak said that Labour would cost households £2000 more in tax, which Starmer denied. Sunak said this figure was calculated by "independent Treasury officials". Fact checkers disputed the sum, stating it was based on assumptions made by political appointees and that the figure was over a 4-year period. On 5 June, the BBC reported that James Bowler, the Treasury permanent secretary, wrote that "civil servants were not involved in the [...] calculation of the total figure used" and that "any costings derived from other sources or produced by other organisations should not be presented as having been produced by the Civil Service".[313] The Office for Statistics Regulation also criticised the claim on the grounds that it was presented without the listener knowing it was a sum over 4 years.[314] A YouGov snap poll after the debate indicated that 46% of debate viewers thought Sunak had performed better, and 45% believed Starmer had performed better.[315] A Savanta poll published the next day favoured Starmer 44% to Sunak 39%.[316] The debate was watched by 5.37 million viewers, making it the most-viewed programme of the week.[317]
An STV debate hosted by Colin Mackay took place on 3 June, which included Douglas Ross, Anas Sarwar, John Swinney and Alex Cole-Hamilton.[318] Another debate between these leaders (also including Lorna Slater) took place on 11 June, on BBC Scotland, hosted by Stephen Jardine. A BBC debate hosted by Mishal Husain took place on 7 June, which included Nigel Farage, Carla Denyer, Rhun ap Iorwerth, Daisy Cooper, Stephen Flynn, Angela Rayner and Penny Mordaunt.[319] The debate included exchanges between Mordaunt and Rayner over tax, and all the attendees criticised Sunak leaving the D-Day events early; Farage called Sunak's actions "disgraceful" and said veterans had been deserted, Cooper said it was "politically shameful" and Mordaunt said Sunak's choice to leave prematurely had been "completely wrong".[320][321] After the seven-way debate, a snap poll found that viewers considered Farage had won, followed by Rayner, but that Flynn, Denyer and Cooper scored best on doing a good job.[322] Another debate between these leaders took place on 13 June, with Julie Etchingham as moderator.[323][324]
On 12 June Sky News hosted a leaders' event in Grimsby hosted by Beth Rigby, including Starmer and Sunak, where they took questions from both Rigby and the audience.[325] The debate covered various topics, including the NHS, the economy, education, immigration, housing and their future plans in government. Starmer started the event by saying he was putting the country ahead of his party, bringing Labour "back into the service of working people". He went on to attack the Conservatives on tax policy, saying that "the Tories are in no position to lecture anyone about tax rises".[326][327] 64% of those questioned by YouGov immediately following the debate said that Starmer had performed better, compared to 36% who said Sunak had performed better.[328]
Channel 4 News hosted a debate on 18 June with all seven of the main parties focusing solely on the issues of immigration and law and order.[329] Other BBC debates included three Question Time specials, two hosted by Fiona Bruce on 20 and 28 June, and one hosted by Bethan Rhys Roberts on 24 June. The first of the two hosted by Bruce featured four separate half-hour question and answer sessions with Sunak, Starmer, Davey and Swinney; the second of the two hosted by Bruce featured the same format with Ramsay and Farage; the programme hosted by Rhys Roberts featured the same format with ap Iorwerth. There was a BBC Cymru Wales debate on 21 June;[330] and a debate between Sunak and Starmer hosted by Husain took place on 26 June.[331] There was also a BBC debate on 27 June involving the five largest Northern Irish political parties.[330]
2024 United Kingdom general election debates in Great Britain
In addition to the debates, the BBC and ITV broadcast programmes in which the leaders of the main parties were interviewed at length.[349][350]Nick Robinson did BBC Panorama interviews with all the leaders of the main parties. Sunak's Tonight interview with Paul Brand drew substantial coverage in the week prior to broadcast, as Sunak controversially departed the D-Day commemorations early to attend. It was later revealed that the interview slot had been chosen by Sunak and his team from a range of options offered by ITN.[351]
There were 4,515 candidates standing, which constitutes a record number, with a mean of 6.95 candidates per constituency. No seat had fewer than five people contesting it; Rishi Sunak's Richmond and Northallerton seat had the most candidates, with thirteen.[352]
In March 2022, Labour abandoned all-women shortlists, citing legal advice that continuing to use them for choosing parliamentary candidates would be an unlawful practice under the Equality Act 2010, since the majority of Labour MPs were now women.[354]
In March 2024, Reform UK announced an electoral pact with the Northern Irish unionist party TUV.[355][356] The TUV applied to run candidates as "TUV/Reform UK" on ballot papers, but this was rejected by the Electoral Office.[357]Nigel Farage unilaterally ended this deal by endorsing two competing candidates from the Democratic Unionist Party on 10 June.[358] Reform UK also announced a pact with the Social Democratic Party (SDP), a minor socially conservative party, in some seats.[359]
Discussion around the campaign was focused on the prospect of a change in government, as Labour maintained significant leads in opinion polling over the Conservatives, with one in five voters voting tactically.[362] Projections four weeks before the vote indicated a landslide victory for Labour that surpassed the one achieved by Tony Blair at the 1997 general election, while comparisons were made in the media to the 1993 Canadian federal election due to the prospect of a potential Conservative wipeout.[10][11] A YouGov poll conducted four weeks before the vote suggested that Labour was on course for the party's biggest election victory in history, beating Blair's 1997 landslide. The poll indicated Labour could win 422 seats, while the Conservatives were projected to win 140 seats.[363]
Halfway through the campaign, psephologist John Curtice summarised the polls as having shown little change in the first two weeks of the campaign but that they had then shown some clear shifts. Specifically, both the Conservatives and Labour had shown a decline of a few percentage points, leaving the gap between them unchanged, while Reform UK and the Liberal Democrats had both shown an increase, with one YouGov poll published 13 June attracting attention for showing Reform UK one point above the Conservatives.[364][365]
Opinion polls conducted for the 2024 United Kingdom general election since the 2019 general election with a local regressions (LOESS) trend line for each party.
Opinion polls conducted during the 2024 general election campaign period since 22 May with a local regression (LOESS) trend line for each party.
An exit poll conducted by Ipsos for the BBC, ITV, and Sky News was published at the end of voting at 22:00, predicting the number of seats for each party.[400]
Equal-area projection of constituenciesRunners up in each constituency
The result was a landslide win for Labour and a historic loss for the Conservatives. It was the latter's worst result since formalising as a party in the early 19th century, and the largest defeat for any incarnation of the Tories in purely numeric terms since 1761 when they achieved 112 MPs, up from their all time numeric low of 106 in 1754, although those made up a higher percentage of seats in Parliament (18.9% in 1754 and 20.1% in 1761 as opposed to 18.6% in 2024) due to the smaller sized House of Commons in 1754–1761 of 557 MPs. The Conservatives won no seats in Wales or various English counties, including Cornwall and Oxfordshire (the latter historically known for having several safe Conservative seats), and they only won one seat in North East England.[410] Keir Starmer became the fourth prime minister in a two-year period.[411] Turnout, at 59.9%, was the second lowest since 1885 with only 2001 being lower at 59.4%.[412]
The Liberal Democrats made significant gains to reach their highest ever number of seats, mostly gaining Conservative seats in Southern England. This was also the best performance since its predecessor Liberal Party won 158 seats in 1923[413] (itself a higher score than the Conservatives achieved in this 2024 election) and superior to Labour's 1918 and 1931 performances, as second-placed official Opposition on both occasions. Reform UK had MPs elected to the Commons for the first time. Their leader, Nigel Farage, was elected to Parliament on what was his eighth attempt.[414] The Green Party of England and Wales also won a record number of seats.[410] The party's two co-leaders, Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay, both entered Parliament for the first time.[415]
The Scottish National Party (SNP) lost around three quarters of its seats to Scottish Labour.[4] Labour returned to being the largest party in Scotland and remained so in Wales, although their vote share fell in Wales.[416]
Seats won in the election (outer ring) versus number of votes (inner ring)
The combined vote share for Labour and the Conservatives reached a record low, with smaller parties doing well, and this election had the lowest vote share for any party forming a majority government since World War II.[425]
The election was highly disproportionate, as Labour won 63% of seats (411) with only 34% of the vote, while Reform won under 0.8% of seats (5) with 14.3% of the vote under the UK's first-past-the-post voting system.[426] The Liberal Democrats recorded their best ever seat result (72), despite receiving only around half the votes they did in 2010,[427] and fewer votes overall than Reform, although the party's seat share was again lower than its share of the vote. As Starmer's government was elected with the lowest share of the vote of any majority party on record, journalist Fraser Nelson described Labour's electoral success as a "Potemkin landslide".[428] An editorial from The Guardian described the result as a "crisis of electoral legitimacy" for the incoming Labour government.[427]
The Gallagher index gave the election a 23.67 score, making it the least proportionate election in modern UK history according to the index, as well as the 5th least proportional result worldwide as of 2024.[429] According to political scientist John Curtice, the 2024 election was the most disproportional in British history and Labour's parliamentary majority was "heavily exaggerated" by the voting system.[430] Advocacy group Make Votes Matter found that 58% of voters did not vote for their elected MP. Make Votes Matter spokesman Steve Gilmore, Electoral Reform Society chief Darren Hughes, Reform UK leader Nigel Farage and the Green Party of England and Wales co-leader Adrian Ramsay were among the figures that called for electoral reform in the wake of the election. The campaigners said it was the "most disproportionate election in [British] history".[431][432]
At around 04:45 on 5 July, Sunak conceded defeat to Starmer at the declaration at Sunak's seat of Richmond and Northallerton, before Labour had officially secured a majority.[435] In his resignation speech later that morning, Sunak apologised to Conservative voters and candidates for the party's defeat, and also offered his congratulations to Starmer and expressed hope he would be successful, saying:[436]
Whilst he has been my political opponent, Sir Keir Starmer will shortly become our Prime Minister. In this job, his successes will be all our successes, and I wish him and his family well. Whatever our disagreements in this campaign, he is a decent, public-spirited man, who I respect. He and his family deserve the very best of our understanding, as they make the huge transition to their new lives behind this door, and as he grapples with this most demanding of jobs in an increasingly unstable world.
Starmer succeeded Sunak as prime minister, ending 14 years of the Conservatives in government. In his first speech as prime minister, Starmer paid tribute to Sunak, saying "His achievement as the first British Asian Prime Minister of our country should not be underestimated by anyone", and also recognised "the dedication and hard work he brought to his leadership" but said that the people of Britain had voted for change:[437][438]
From now on, you have a government unburdened by doctrine guided only by the determination to serve your interest, to defy, quietly, those who have written our country off. You have given us a clear mandate, and we will use it to deliver change. To restore service and respect to politics, end the era of noisy performance, tread more lightly on your lives and unite our country. Four nations standing together again, facing down as we have so often in our past, the challenges of an insecure world committed to a calm and patient rebuilding. So with respect and humility, I invite you all to join this government of service in the mission of national renewal. Our work is urgent, and we begin it today.
^Given that Sinn Féin members of Parliament (MPs) practise abstentionism and do not take their seats, while the Speaker and deputies do not vote, the number of MPs needed for a majority is in practice slightly lower.[1] Sinn Féin won seven seats, and including the speaker and their three deputy speakers, meaning a practical majority requires 320 seats.
^ abThe figure does not include Lindsay Hoyle, the speaker of the House of Commons, who was included in the Labour seat total by some media outlets. By long-standing convention, the Speaker severs all ties to their affiliated party upon being elected speaker.
^Increase from the notional figure of 200 seats which Labour would be estimated to have won in 2019 with the constituency boundary changes
^Decrease from the notional figure of 372 seats which the Conservatives would be estimated to have won in 2019 with the constituency boundary changes
^Increase from the notional figure of 8 seats which the Lib Dems would be estimated to have won in 2019 with the constituency boundary changes
^In Northern Ireland, voter ID was already required at elections before it was introduced in the rest of the UK.
^On 29 May 2024, the UK Parliamentary website stated there were 345 Conservative MPs and 205 Labour MPs. However it describes Lloyd Russell-Moyle and Mark Logan as Labour and Conservative MPs respectively at the time of dissolution, despite Logan having defected from the Conservatives and Rusell-Moyle having lost the Labour Party whip prior to dissolution.[51][52]
^ At the time of the dissolution of Parliament on 30 May 2024, eight of the independent MPs had been elected as Conservatives at the 2019 general election, including Andrew Bridgen, who defected to Reclaim in May 2023 but left the party in December 2023 and for the remainder of the 2019–2024 Parliament sat as an independent. The remaining nine independent MPs all came from the opposition benches.
^In 2019-24, the seven members of Sinn Féin followed a policy of abstentionism. They did not swear into the house, and did not take part in its formal processes (to do so would have compelled a by-election).[55] The speaker and deputy speakers (at this Parliament's dissolution, three Conservative and one Labour) by convention exercise only a casting vote.[56]
^Deputy speaker Eleanor Laing (Con., Chair of Ways and Means) was on an extended leave of absence, and Roger Gale (Con.) served as an additional acting deputy speaker from December 2022 until the end of the Parliament.
^The Fixed-term Parliaments Act automatically scheduled general elections for the first Thursday in May of the fifth year after the previous general election.[58] The previous election was held in December 2019.
^Debate took place in Gilbert Scott Building's Bute Hall.
^Not a debate: Sunak and Starmer separately answered questions from the studio audience.
^This debate was focused solely on the issues of immigration and law and order.
^Not a debate: the party leaders were each separately asked questions by the studio audience.
^Not a debate: the party leaders were both separately asked questions.
^Incumbent Speaker Sir Lindsay Hoyle left the Labour Party in 2019 after he was elected Speaker by the House of Commons; his seat of Chorley was not contested by most major parties.
^"Boris Johnson pushes for power to call election at any time". BBC News. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022. The government has set in motion its plan for prime ministers to regain the power to call general elections whenever they like.
^Riley-Smith, Ben (5 May 2024). "No 10 'shelves plan for summer general election'". The Telegraph. ISSN0307-1235. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024. Downing Street has shelved plans for a general election this summer, The Telegraph understands, with an autumn vote now widely expected after Tory local election defeats.
^Parker, George; Strauss, Delphine; Pickard, Jim (23 April 2024). "Summer or autumn? Rishi Sunak's election date dilemma". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024. Sunak's aides insist they are still "planning for an autumn election" and most Tory MPs remain convinced the prime minister will play it long, hoping for a revival in economic and political fortunes later in the year.
^"Boundary review launched". Boundary Commission for England. 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^"'Never again': D:Ream ban Labour from using Things Can Only Get Better". PA Media. 31 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. The band members expressed regret at letting Tony Blair use the track for his general election victory celebrations in 1997, saying they were accused of "having blood on their hands" after the UK got involved with the war in Iraq.
^"Dissolution Peerages 2024". GOV.UK. Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street. 4 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ abLeach, Anna; Clarke, Seán; Hoog, Niels de; Voce, Antonio; Gutiérrez, Pablo; Cousins, Rich; Fischer, Harry; Blight, Garry; Kirk, Ashley (4 July 2024). "UK general election results 2024: live tracker". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^Burn-Murdoch, John (5 July 2024). "Will Labour be able to maintain its coalition of contradictions?". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 October 2024. Wind forward to 2024 and Sir Keir Starmer's Labour party received half a million fewer votes than in 2019, again a third of the popular vote.
^Cracknell, Richard; Baker, Carl (24 September 2024). "General election 2024: Results and analysis"(PDF). House of Commons Library. UK Parliament. p. 6,11. CBP-10009. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
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