Anyanya

Anyanya
Anyanya
	The Anyanya flag: Red was for the blood spilled in the war; green for the land; white for hope of peace; black for Africa. The buffalo symbolized strength. Variant versions had a buffalo, a snake, and arrow poison in the center, or had no emblem at all.
Founders	Joseph Oduho; Joseph Lagu; George Akumbek; Julius Moroga; Severino Fuli
Leaders	Aggrey Jaden; Gordon Muortat Mayen; Joseph Lagu
Dates of operation	19 August 1963–1972
Headquarters	Kampala
Active regions	South Sudan
Ideology	Southern Sudanese separatism
Size	5,000–10,000
Allies	South Sudan Liberation Movement
Opponents	Sudan People's Armed Forces
	Succeeded by; Anyanya II (unofficial)

The Anyanya (also spelled Anya-Nya) were a southern Sudanese separatist rebel army formed during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972). A separate movement that rose during the Second Sudanese Civil War were, in turn, called Anyanya II. Anyanya means "snake venom" in the Ma'di language.^[4]

History

The Anyanya was founded in 1963,^[5]^[2] as the Pojulu, Moru, Nuer, Lotuko, Madi, Bari, Acholi, Zande, Dinka, and other tribes from southern Sudan waged a war against the Sudanese government. The foundation took place after a meeting between southern politicians and military at the residence of Joseph Oduho in Kampala on August 19. Those present included Joseph Lagu, George Akumbek, Julius Moroga, and Severino Fuli.^[6]

The Anyanya launched their first organized military offensive against the Sudanese army on September 19, 1963, in Eastern Equatoria.^[7]

The Anyanya movement, although relatively strong, was weakened by the internal political wrangling amongst the leading politicians of the liberation movement. In 1969, Aggrey Jaden left the Anyanya movement due to his frustration with the lack of cohesiveness and bickering within the movement. Shortly after Gordon Muortat Mayen was elected unanimously as southern Sudan's new president of the movement, the former SSPG was renamed the Nile Provisional Government (NPG). Under Muortat, the movement was able to carry on waging war against the north. However, Muortat's chief of staff Joseph Lagu was able through his assistant Oliver Batali Albino to negotiate with Israel, to divert the arms they were supplying the movement with, to himself, instead of the president Gordon Muortat.^[8] Following this, Lagu openly formed a coup against Muortat, and made every battalion pledge allegiance to him instead of Muortat if they wanted arms. The coup was able to successfully unite the army under Lagu and the transition of power was peaceful, Lagu assumed leadership of the movement both politically and militarily, and carried on the warfare against the north, the movement was renamed the South Sudan Liberation Movement. In 1972, Joseph Lagu signed a peace agreement with the north, ending the 17 year civil war. The peace agreement was initially rejected by leading members of the military such as Emmanuel Abuur and John Garang. However a letter circulated to all Anyanya forces which detailed the plan of the rebellion against the peace agreement was intercepted.

Legacy

Even before the civil war's formal end, many Anyanya had crossed the border to Uganda,^[9] where their ally Idi Amin^[10] controlled the military. Despite opposition by the Ugandan President Milton Obote, Amin had these fighters recruited into the Uganda Army.^[11] After Amin had overthrown Obote and assumed the Ugandan presidency in 1971, he recruited even more ex-Anyanya into the Uganda Army, as he regarded them as loyal to his government. Most of the Sudanese ex-insurgents actually acted as mercenaries.^[9] Ali Towelli^[12] and Godwin Sule were notable former Anyanya in the Ugandan military.^[13]^[a] As result of their association with Amin's unpopular regime, "Anyanya" eventually became a derogatory term in Uganda and was used as negative catch-all word for northern Ugandans as well as foreigners.^[14]

In 1975, many discontented former Anyanya who had stayed in Sudan, took up arms in eastern Upper Nile and Equatoria. They were labeled Anyanya II. When the Addis Abeba Agreement fell apart in 1983, marking the beginning of the Second Sudanese Civil War, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) was founded. Competition between Anyanya II and the SPLM/A led to the eventual defeat of Anyanya II. Some of its members were incorporated into the ranks of the SPLM/A, and others were consolidated into a militia supported by the government of Sudan.^[4]^[15]

Notes

^ It was often claimed that Hussein Marella, head of the Ugandan Military Police under Amin, was a former Anyanya. There is no firm proof for this claim, however, and it does not fit into what is known of his life and career.^[14]

References

^ Martell 2018, p. 75.
^ ^a ^b "1955-1972. First Sudanese Civil War / Anyanya/Anya-Nya Movement". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ Sudan – First Civil War (globalsecurity.org)
^ ^a ^b Wells, Victor C. and Samuel P. Dilla, December 1993, "Colonization, Arabization, Slavery, and War, and War Against Indigenous Peoples of Southern Sudan Archived February 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine" Fourth World Bulletin, Vol.3, No.1
^ Martell 2018, p. 72.
^ Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 64. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
^ Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 68. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
^ Scopas S. Poggo, “Albino, Oliver Batali”, pp 57 – 58 in Robert Kramer et al. “Historical Dictionary of the Sudan”, 4th edition, 2013, Scarecrow Press
^ ^a ^b Hansen 1977, p. 110.
^ Martell 2018, p. 89.
^ Lowman 2020, pp. 47–48.
^ Felix Ocen (21 March 2021). "Failed 1974 coup against Amin leads to purge of Lugbara officers in army". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
^ Amin, Jaffar Rembo (14 April 2013). "How Amin's commander betrayed Ugandan fighters to Tanzanians". Daily Monitor. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
^ ^a ^b Lowman 2020, p. 48.
^ "The South Sudan Defence Force (SSDF):A challenge to the Sudan Peace Process Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine" Situation Report, 8 April 2004

Works cited

Hansen, Holger Bernt (1977). Ethnicity and Military Rule in Uganda: a study of ethnicity as a political factor in Uganda, based on a discussion of political anthropology and the application of its results (PDF). Uppsala: Scandinavian Inst. of African Studies.
Lowman, Thomas James (2020). Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979 (PDF) (PhD). Durham University. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
Martell, Peter (2018). First Raise a Flag. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1849049597.

[15] It was often claimed that Hussein Marella, head of the Ugandan Military Police under Amin, was a former Anyanya. There is no firm proof for this claim, however, and it does not fit into what is known of his life and career.^[14]

[FOOTNOTEMartell201875-1] Martell 2018, p. 75.

[tribune-2] "1955-1972. First Sudanese Civil War / Anyanya/Anya-Nya Movement". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.

[3] Sudan – First Civil War (globalsecurity.org)

[Victor_Dilla-4] Wells, Victor C. and Samuel P. Dilla, December 1993, "Colonization, Arabization, Slavery, and War, and War Against Indigenous Peoples of Southern Sudan Archived February 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine" Fourth World Bulletin, Vol.3, No.1

[FOOTNOTEMartell201872-5] Martell 2018, p. 72.

[6] Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 64. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

[7] Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 68. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

[8] Scopas S. Poggo, “Albino, Oliver Batali”, pp 57 – 58 in Robert Kramer et al. “Historical Dictionary of the Sudan”, 4th edition, 2013, Scarecrow Press

[FOOTNOTEHansen1977110-9] Hansen 1977, p. 110.

[FOOTNOTEMartell201889-10] Martell 2018, p. 89.

[FOOTNOTELowman202047–48-11] Lowman 2020, pp. 47–48.

[12] Felix Ocen (21 March 2021). "Failed 1974 coup against Amin leads to purge of Lugbara officers in army". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 21 April 2021.

[13] Amin, Jaffar Rembo (14 April 2013). "How Amin's commander betrayed Ugandan fighters to Tanzanians". Daily Monitor. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.

[FOOTNOTELowman202048-14] Lowman 2020, p. 48.

[16] "The South Sudan Defence Force (SSDF):A challenge to the Sudan Peace Process Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine" Situation Report, 8 April 2004

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Anyanya

History

Legacy

Notes

References

Works cited

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