AstraZeneca traces its earliest corporate history to 1913, when Astra AB was formed by a large group of doctors and apothecaries in Södertälje. Throughout the twentieth century, it grew into the largest pharmaceutical company in Sweden. Its British counterpart, Zeneca PLC was formed in 1993 when ICI divested its pharmaceuticals businesses; Astra AB and Zeneca PLC merged six years later, with the chosen headquarters in the United Kingdom.[9]
AstraZeneca's primary listing is on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index; it also has a secondary listing on the Nasdaq Stockholm. It is also listed on the American Nasdaq and is a Nasdaq-100 company. AstraZeneca has one of the highest market capitalisations of pharmaceutical companies worldwide.[10]
History
Astra AB was founded in 1913 in Södertälje, Sweden, by 400 doctors and apothecaries.[11] In 1993 the British chemicals company ICI (established from four British chemical companies) demerged its pharmaceuticals businesses and its agrochemicals and specialities businesses, to form Zeneca Group PLC.[12] Finally, in 1999 Astra and Zeneca Group merged to form AstraZeneca plc, with its headquarters in London.[12] In 1999, AstraZeneca identified a new location for the company's US base, the "Fairfax-plus" site in North Wilmington, Delaware.[13]
2000–2006
In 2002, its drug Iressa (gefitinib) was approved in Japan as monotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer.[14] On 3 January 2004 Dr Robert Nolan, a former director of AstraZeneca, formed the management team of ZI Medical.[15]
In 2005, the company acquired KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, a UK biotech company, for £120 million.[16] and entered into an anti-cancer collaboration agreement with Astex[17] It also announced that it had become a Diamond Member of the Pennsylvania Bio commerce organisation.[18]
In 2006, following a collaborative relationship begun in 2004, AstraZeneca acquired Cambridge Antibody Technology for £702 million.[19]
2007–2012: The patent cliff and subsequent acquisitions
In February 2007, AstraZeneca agreed to buy Arrow Therapeutics, a company focused on the discovery and development of anti-viral therapies, for US$150million.[20] AstraZeneca's pipeline, and "patent cliff", was the subject of much speculation in April 2007 leading to pipeline-boosting collaboration and acquisition activities.[21] A few days later AstraZeneca acquired US company MedImmune for about US$15.2 billion to gain flu vaccines and an anti-viral treatment for infants;[22] AstraZeneca subsequently consolidated all of its biologics operations into a dedicated biologics division called MedImmune.[23]
In 2010, AstraZeneca acquired Novexel Corp, an antibiotics discovery company formed in 2004 as a spin-off of the Sanofi-Aventis anti-infectives division. Astra acquired the experimental antibiotic NXL-104 (CEF104) (CAZ-AVI) through this acquisition.[24][25]
In 2011, AstraZeneca acquired Guangdong BeiKang Pharmaceutical Company, a Chinese generics business.[26]
In February 2012, AstraZeneca and Amgen announced a collaboration on treatments for inflammatory diseases.[27] Then in April 2012, AstraZeneca acquired Ardea Biosciences, another biotechnology company, for $1.26 billion.[28] In June 2012, AstraZeneca and Bristol Myers Squibb announced a two-stage deal for the joint acquisition of the biotechnology company Amylin Pharmaceuticals.[29][30] It was agreed that Bristol Myers Squibb would acquire Amylin for $5.3 billion in cash and the assumption of $1.7 billion in debt, with AstraZeneca then paying $3.4 billion in cash to Bristol Myers Squibb, and Amylin being folded into an existing diabetes joint venture between AstraZeneca and Bristol Myers Squibb.[30]
2013 restructuring and beyond
2013
In March 2013 AstraZeneca announced plans for a major corporate restructuring, including the closure of its research and development activities at Alderley Park in Cheshire and Loughborough in the UK and at Lund in Sweden, investment of $500million in the construction of a new research and development facility in Cambridge and the concentration of R&D in three locations: Cambridge, Gaithersburg, Maryland (location of MedImmune, where it will work on biotech drugs), and Gothenburg in Sweden, for research on traditional chemical drugs.[8] AstraZeneca also announced that it would move its corporate headquarters from London to Cambridge in 2016.[31][32] That announcement included the announcement that it would cut 1,600 jobs; three days later it announced it would cut an additional 2,300 jobs.[33][34] It also announced that it would focus on three therapeutic areas: Respiratory Inflammation & Autoimmunity, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, and Oncology.[35] In October 2013, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire biotech oncology company Spirogen for around US$440 million.[36]
2014
On 19 May 2014 AstraZeneca rejected a "final offer" from Pfizer of £55 per share, which valued the company at £69.4billion (US$117billion). The companies had been meeting since January 2014. If the takeover had proceeded, Pfizer would have become the world's biggest drug maker. The transaction would also have been the biggest foreign takeover of a British company. Many in Britain, including politicians and scientists, had opposed the deal.[37] In July 2014 the company entered into a deal with Almirall to acquire its subsidiary Almirall Sofotec and its lung treatments including the COPD drug, Eklira. The US$2.1 billion deal included an allocation of US$1.2 billion for development in the respiratory franchise, one of AstraZeneca's three target therapeutic areas announced the year before. In August 2014 the company announced it had entered into a three-year collaboration with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma on diabetic nephropathy.[38] In September 2014 the company would join forces with Eli Lilly in developing and commercialising its candidate BACE inhibitor – AZD3292 – used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The deal could yield up to US$500 million for the company.[39] In November 2014 the company's biologics R&D operation, MedImmune, agreed to acquire Definiens for more than US$150 million. The company also began a Phase I/II trial collaboration with Pharmacyclics and Janssen Biotech investigating combination treatments.[40] Also in November of the same year, the company agreed to sell its lipodystrophy treatment business to Aegerion Pharmaceuticals for more than US$325 million.[41] In December, the company received acceleratedFDA approval for Olaparib in the treatment of women with advanced ovarian cancer who have a BRCA genetic mutation. A major criterion governing the drugs approval was, on average, its ability to shrink tumours in patients for 7.9 months.[42]
2015
In February 2015, the company announced it would acquire the US and Canadian rights to Actavis's branded respiratory drug business for an initial sum of US$600 million.[43] Later in the same month the company announced it would partner with Orca Pharmaceuticals to develop retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma inhibitors for use in the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases, which could generate up to US$122.5 million for Orca.[44] The company also announced its plan to spend US$40 million creating a new subsidiary focused on small molecule anti-infectives – primarily in the research of the gyrase inhibitor, AZD0914, which is currently in Phase II for the treatment of gonorrhea.[45] The company underwrote twenty out of thirty-two seats of a new Cambridge– Gothenburg service by Sun-Air of Scandinavia.[46]
In mid-March the company announced it would co-commercialise naloxegol along with Daiichi Sankyo in a deal worth up to US$825 million.[47] Towards the end of April the company announced a number of collaborations worth an estimated US$1.8 billion; first, to develop and commercialise MEDI4736, with Celgene, for use against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndromes, and multiple myeloma with AstraZeneca receiving US$450 million. The second of two deals is an agreement to study a combination treatment of MEDI4736 and Innate Pharma's Phase II anti-NKG2A antibody IPH2201 for up to US$1.275 billion. The company's MedImmune arm also launched collaborative clinical trials with Juno Therapeutics, investigating combination treatments for cancer.[48] The trials will assess combinations of MEDI4736 and one of Juno Therapeutics' CD19 directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell candidates.[49] In late June the company announced it has entered into a partnership agreement with Eolas Therapeutics on the Eolas Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist (EORA) program for smoking cessation and other treatments.[50] In July the company announced it would sell off its rights to Entocort (budesonide) to Tillotts Pharma for US$215 million.[51] In July 2015, Genzyme announced it would acquire the rare cancer drug Caprelsa (vandetanib) from AstraZeneca for up to US$300 million.[52] In August, the company announced it had acquired the global rights to develop and commercialise Heptares Therapeutics' drug candidate HTL-1071, which focuses on blocking the adenosine A2A receptor, in a deal worth up to US$510 million.[53] In the same month the company's MedImmune subsidiary acquired exclusive rights to Inovio Pharmaceuticals' INO-3112 immunotherapy, currently in Phase I/II, under an agreement which could net more than US$727.5 million for Inovio. INO-3112 targets Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18.[54] In September, Valeant licensed Brodalumab from the company for up to US$445 million.[55][56] On 6 November it was reported that AstraZeneca had acquired ZS Pharma for US$2.7 billion.[57] In December the company announced its intention to acquire the respiratory portfolio of Takeda Pharmaceutical – namely Alvesco and Omnaris – for US$575 million[58] A day later, the company announced it had taken a 55% majority stake in Acerta for US$4 billion. As part of the transaction the company will gain commercial rights to Acerta's irreversible oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), which is currently in Phase III development for B-cell blood cancers and in Phase I or II clinical trials in solid tumours.[59] In 2015, it was the eighth-largest drug company in the world based on sales revenue.[60]
2017
In July 2017, the company's CEO Pascal Soriot said that Brexit would not affect its commitment to its current plans in the United Kingdom. However, it had slowed decision making for new investment projects waiting for a post-Brexit regulatory regime to settle down.[61]
In September 2017, the company's chairman Leif Johansson planned in taking the "first steps" in moving its research and manufacturing operations away from the United Kingdom, if there is a hard Brexit.[62]
In 2017, it was the eleventh largest drug company in the world based on sales and ranked seventh based on R&D investment.[63]
In January EVP Pam Cheng stated that AstraZeneca has ignited startup of duplicate QA testing facility in Sweden and has initiated hiring in Sweden.[64]
2018
In February 2018, AstraZeneca announced it was spinning off six early-stage experimental drugs into a new biotechnology company, known as Viela Bio, valued at US$250 million.[65]
On 6 December 2018, AstraZeneca purchased nearly 8% of the American pharmaceutical business, Moderna.[66]
2019
In March 2019, AstraZeneca announced it will pay up to US$6.9 billion to work with Daiichi Sankyo Co Ltd on an experimental treatment for breast cancer. AstraZeneca plans to use some of the proceeds of a US$3.5 billion share issue to fund the deal. The deal on the drug known as trastuzumab deruxtecan sent shares in Japan's Daiichi soaring 16%.[67]
In September 2019, the company announced that it would cease drug production at its German headquarters in Wedel, leading to the loss of 175 jobs by the end of 2021.[68][69]
In October 2019, AstraZeneca announced it would sell the global commercial rights for its drug to treat acid reflux to German pharmaceutical company Cheplapharm Arzneimittel GmbH for as much as US$276 million.[70][71]
2020
In February 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to sublicense its global rights (except Europe, Canada and Israel) to the drug Movantik, to Redhill Biopharma.[72]
In June 2020, AstraZeneca made a preliminary approach to Gilead Sciences about a potential merger, worth almost US$240 billion.[73][74] However, these plans were subsequently dropped because it would have distracted the company from its own pipeline and ongoing COVID-19 vaccine efforts.[75]
In July 2020, the business entered into its second collaboration with Daiichi Sankyo, centred around the development of DS-1062, an antibody drug conjugate. The deal could potentially be worth up to US$6 billion for Daiichi.[76]
In September 2020, AstraZeneca acquired the preclinical oral PCSK9 inhibitor program from Dogma Therapeutics.[77]
In July 2021, AstraZeneca acquired Alexion Pharmaceuticals.[82][83] In October 2021, the company, through Alexion, acquired Caelum Biosciences and its monoclonal treatment (CAEL-101) for light chain (AL) amyloidosis for up to $500 million.[84][85]
2022
In July, the company announced it would acquire TeneoTwo for up to $1.3 billion, increasing its blood cancer drug offering.[86] In October 2022 it was announced that the company would acquire LogicBio Therapeutics, which was active in clinical-stage genomic medicine.[87][88]
In November 2022, it was announced AstraZeneca had acquired the Amsterdam-headquartered clinical-stage biotechnology company, Neogene Therapeutics.[89]
2023
In January, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire CinCor Pharma for $1.8 billion.[90]
In November 2023, AstraZeneca launched a new global health tech business, Evinova, that focused on provide global services to CROs and pharma companies to design, run and monitor clinical trials.[91]
In December 2023, AstraZeneca announced that it would acquire an RSV vaccine developer, Icosavax for $1.1 billion.[92] Later that month, AstraZeneca agreed to acquire clinical-stage biopharmaceutical developer of cell therapies for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, Gracell Biotechnologies, in a deal valued at up to $1.2 billion.[93] Both the acquisitions were completed in February 2024.[94][95]
2024
In March 2024, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire Amolyt Pharma for $1.05 billion in cash.[96]
In March 2024, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire Fusion Pharmaceuticals Inc for $2 billion in cash.[97]
In July 2024, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Nice) blocked the National Health Service (NHS) from providing Enhertu, an innovative treatment for advanced HER2-low breast cancer, due to AstraZeneca and Daiichi Sankyo not offering a low enough price. Nice's decision, the first rejection of a breast cancer treatment in six years, highlighted the financial challenges of funding complex medicines, with Enhertu costing £117,857 per treatment course. Despite approval by the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency, Nice's non-recommendation meant the drug could only be available privately or under separate funding in Scotland. Clinical trials showed Enhertu extended patients' lives by five months compared to chemotherapy, but Nice and the companies could not agree on a new price.[98]
Acquisition history
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors:[99]
AstraZeneca's global headquarters are located in the Cambridge Biomedical Campus adjacent to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, United Kingdom. This facility, known as the Discovery Centre, was designed by Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron[105] and officially opened by Prince Charles on the 23 November 2021.[106] The building is designed to accommodate over 2,200 scientists across 16 laboratories covering approximately 19,000 square meters. built at a cost of approximately £1 billion.[107]
Cambridge-Gothenburg flights
In 2015 AstraZeneca arranged for the establishment of a direct air route between Cambridge and Gothenburg, which began operation on March 2, 2015.[108] The company reserved 20 of the 32 seats on each flight, with the remaining seats available to the public, which was operated SUN-AIR for British Airways.[109] The service connects AstraZeneca’s global headquarters in Cambridge with its research facility in Gothenburg.[110] The service operated four days a week and was intended to support collaboration between staff in the two locations, allowing same-day travel for meetings. The route ended as a scheduled public service in 2016 due to insufficient demand,[111] but these flights continue for AstraZeneca employees as of 2024.[112]
Orphan drugs
In April 2015, AstraZeneca's drug tremelimumab was approved as an orphan drug for the treatment of mesothelioma in the United States.[113] In February 2016, AstraZeneca announced that a clinical trial of tremelimumab as a treatment for mesothelioma failed to meet its primary endpoint.[114]
Senior management
As of 2008, David Brennan was paid US$1,574,144 for his role as chief executive officer.[115]
On 26 April 2012, it was announced that Brennan was to retire in early June of that year.[116] In August 2012, Pascal Soriot was named CEO of AstraZeneca.[117]
It was also announced that Leif Johansson would succeed Louis Schweitzer as non-executive chairman on 1 June 2012, three months earlier than previously announced, and would become Chairman of the Nomination and Governance Committee after the 2012 Annual General Meeting.[116]
The company's non-executive Board directors are Philip Broadley, Euan Ashley, Michel Demaré, Deborah DiSanzo, Diana Layfield, Sheri McCoy, Tony Mok, Nazneen Rahman, Andreas Rummelt, and Marcus Wallenberg.[118]
Lobbying
Political lobbying
AstraZeneca is a member of the Personalized Medicine Coalition, a medical research advocacy group that lobbies on behalf of the pharmaceutical industry.[119]
Controversies
Following 2008 Sichuan earthquake
AstraZeneca's reputation in China was tarnished following the failure of its Chinese subsidiary to timely donate to relief efforts following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[120]: 121 Typically, donations for disaster relief in China are made through funds established through the Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs and its subordinate organization the Red Cross Society of China.[120]: 121 AstraZeneca had a corporate rule prohibiting foreign subsidiaries from making donations to local governments and the company construed this rule as prohibiting donations for Sichuan earthquake relief efforts.[120]: 121 AstraZeneca's Chinese subsidiary received major backlash for its failure to donate.[120]: 121 While corporate approval was ultimately given for the Chinese subsidiary to donate, the approval came after long delay.[120]: 121
Seroquel
In April 2010, AstraZeneca settled a qui tam lawsuit brought by Stefan P. Kruszewski for US$520 million to settle allegations that the company defrauded Medicare, Medicaid, and other government-funded health care programs in connection with its marketing and promotional practices for the blockbuster atypical antipsychotic, Seroquel. According to the settlement agreement, AstraZeneca targeted its illegal marketing of the anti-psychotic Seroquel towards doctors who do not typically treat schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, such as physicians who treat the elderly, primary care physicians, pediatric and adolescent physicians, and in long-term care facilities and prisons.[121]
In March 2011, AstraZeneca settled a lawsuit in the United States totalling US$68.5 million to be divided up to 38 states.[122]
Nexium
The company's most commercially successful medication is esomeprazole (Nexium). The primary uses are treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, treatment and maintenance of erosive esophagitis, treatment of duodenal ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori, prevention of gastric ulcers in those on chronic NSAID therapy, and treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers associated with Crohn's disease. When it is manufactured the result is a mixture of two mirror-imaged molecules, R and S. Two years before the omeprazole patent expired, AstraZeneca patented S-omeprazole in pure form, pointing out that since some people metabolise R-omeprazole slowly, pure S-omeprazole treatment would give higher dose efficiency and less variation between individuals.[123] In March 2001, the company began to market Nexium, as it would a brand new drug.[124]
The (R)-enantiomer of omeprazole is metabolized exclusively by the enzyme CYP2C19, which is expressed in very low amounts by 3% of the population. Treated with a normal dose of the enantiomeric mixture, these persons will experience blood levels five-times higher than those with normal CYP2C19 production. In contrast, esomeprazole is metabolized by both CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, providing less-variable drug exposure.[125] While omeprazole is approved only at doses of up to 20 mg for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux,[126] esomeprazole is approved for doses up to 40 mg.[127]
In 2007, Marcia Angell, former editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine and a lecturer in social medicine at the Harvard Medical School, said in Stern, a German-language weekly newsmagazine, that AstraZeneca's scientists had misrepresented their research on the drug's efficiency, saying: "Instead of using presumably comparable doses [of each drug], the company's scientists used Nexium in higher dosages. They compared 20 and 40 mg Nexium with 20 mg Prilosec. With the cards having been marked in that way, Nexium looked like an improvement – which however was only small and shown in only two of the three studies."[128]
Bildman fraud, sexual harassment and faithless servant clawback
On 4 February 1998, Astra USA sued Lars Bildman, its former president and chief executive officer, seeking US$15 million for defrauding the company.[129] The sum included US$2.3 million in company funds he allegedly used to fix up three of his homes, plus money the company paid as the result of the EEOC investigation. Astra's lawsuit alleged Bildman sexually harassed and intimidated employees, used company funds for yachts and sex workers, destroyed documents and records, and concocted: "tales of conspiracy involving ex-KGBagents and competitors. This was in a last-ditch effort to distract attention from the real wrongdoer, Bildman himself." Bildman had already pleaded guilty in US District Court for failing to report more than US$1 million in income on his tax returns.[130] In addition, several female co-workers filed personal sexual-harassment lawsuits against Bildman.[131] In April 1998, Bildman was sentenced to 21 months in prison three months after he pled guilty to filing false Federal tax returns.[132][130]
In February 1998, AstraZenaca's U.S. affiliate Astra U.S.A. agreed to a $10 million settlement after an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission investigation which started in May 1996 found that sexual harassment against female employees.[133] 120 former female employees of Astra were interviewed during the inquiry, with about 80 of them being identified as able to file claims.[133] Astra U.S.A. also issued a statement of apology for the hostile work environment.[133]
In Astra USA v. Bildman, 914 N.E.2d 36 (Mass. 2009), applying New York's faithless servant doctrine, the court held that a company's employee who had engaged in financial misdeeds and sexual harassment must "forfeit all of his salary and bonuses for the period of disloyalty".[134] The court held that this was the case even if the employee "otherwise performed valuable services", and that the employee was not entitled to recover restitution for the value of those other services.[134][135] The decision attracted a good deal of attention by legal commentators.[136]
CAFÉ study
In 2004, University of Minnesota research participant Dan Markingson took his own life while enrolled in an industry-sponsored pharmaceutical trial comparing three FDA-approved atypical antipsychotics: Seroquel (quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), and Risperdal (risperidone). University of Minnesota Professor of Bioethics Carl Elliott noted that Markingson was enrolled in the study against the wishes of his mother, Mary Weiss, and that he was forced to choose between enrolling in the study or being involuntarily committed to a state mental institution.[137] A 2005 FDA investigation cleared the university. Nonetheless, controversy around the case has continued. A Mother Jones article[137] resulted in a group of university faculty members sending a public letter to the university Board of Regents urging an external investigation into Markingson's death.[138]
Transfer mispricing
In 2010, AstraZeneca agreed to pay £505 million to settle a UK tax dispute related to transfer mispricing.[139]
Conflicting commitments to the UK and the EU
Seat of the European Commission, which negotiated a contract with AstraZeneca
In August 2020 AstraZeneca declared towards the European Commission and the EU member states:
"13.1. AstraZeneca represents, warrants and covenants to the Commission and the Participating Member States that: [...] (e) it is not under any obligation, contractual or otherwise, to any Person or third party in respect of the Initial Europe Doses or that conflicts with or is inconsistent in any material respect with the terms of this Agreement or would impede the complete fulfilment of its obligation under this Agreement;"[140]
However, the UK Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, declared in March 2021 that the United Kingdom had been given "exclusivity" and that the EU's treaty was "inferior".[141][142] After placing the order for AstraZeneca's vaccine, the European Commission mistakenly assumed that it had enough vaccines and initially ordered only 200 million doses from Pfizer–BioNTech when the manufacturers offered 500 million doses to the EU in November 2020.[143]
However, the contract that AstraZeneca reached with the UK was very similar to that it reached with the EU, and it also contained the phrase "best reasonable efforts"; the UK contract was signed on 28 August 2020, a day after the contract with the EU.[144] The key difference seems to be that AstraZeneca entered into a preliminary agreement with the U.K. back in May 2020 which arranged for "the development of a dedicated supply chain for the U.K."[145] The failure to produce the vaccine in the anticipated quantities contributed to the low vaccination rates of vulnerable populations of the European Union at the beginning of the outbreak of more virulent variants of SARS-CoV-2 in early 2021.[146]
China comments
In May 2023, AstraZeneca's China president said that the company aims to be a "patriotic" company in China that "loves the Communist Party."[147]
Chinese Investigation
On 30 October, Astrazeneca revealed that its China President, Leon Wang, was under investigation by Chinese authorities. It is understood he has now been detained.[148] The China business is now being run by Michael Lai, the general manager.[149]
In November 2024, it was announced that Chinese officials have now widened their investigation under a national anti-corruption campaign targeting healthcare. Among the allegations, former Astrazeneca employees are accused of falsifying genetic tests to secure reimbursement for the company’s lung cancer drug, Tagrisso.[150]
Several current and former company executives are also being investigated for potentially breaching data privacy laws and for the suspected illegal importation of certain cancer drugs – likely including Enhertu, Imfinzi and Imjudo – from Hong Kong.[151]
^Christel, Michael (28 June 2017). "Pharm Exec's Top 50 Companies 2017". Pharmaceutical Executive, Volume 37, Issue 6. Pharm Exec. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
^Carroll, James R.; Weida, Jason Collins (1 January 2010). "Faithless Servants Beware: Massachusetts Forfeiture Law is More Severe than Astra USA, Inc. v. Bildman Might Suggest". Boston Bar Journal, Winter 2010. SSRN1775205.
^Sullivan, Charles A. (4 March 2011). "Mastering the Faithless Servant? Reconciling Employment Law, Contract Law, and Fiduciary Duty". Seton Hall Public Law Research Paper No. 1777082. SSRN1777082.
مهدي الحميدان مهدي الحميدان (2019) معلومات شخصية الاسم الكامل مهدي فيصل إبراهيم الحميدان الميلاد 19 مايو 1993 (العمر 30 سنة)المنامة، البحرين الطول 1.75 م (5 قدم 9 بوصة) مركز اللعب المهاجم الجنسية البحرين معلومات النادي النادي الحالي الخالدية مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق 2011-2006 ا
Cuộc đua, Vòng 1 - Shanghai F1 GP 2008. Giải đua ô tô Công thức 1 Trung Quốc năm 2008 là chặng đua thứ mười bảy của giải vô địch thế giới Công thức 1 năm 2008. Giải được tổ chức từ ngày 17 đến ngày 19 tháng 10 năm 2008. Xếp hạng chi tiết Tham khảo Liên kết ngoài Bài viết liên quan đến thể thao này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn....
Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 13 de agosto de 2015. «Sokka's Master» Episodio de Avatar: la leyenda de Aang Título traducido «El Maestro de Sokka»Episodio n.º Temporada 3Episodio 4Dirigido por Ethan SpaudlingEscrito por Joshua HamiltonEmisión 24 de enero, 2008 (Argentina: 17 de enero)Episodios de Avatar: la leyenda de Aang «La Dama Pintada» «El Maestro de Sokka» «La Playa» [editar dat...
Den här artikeln har skapats av Lsjbot, ett program (en robot) för automatisk redigering. (2013-03)Artikeln kan innehålla fakta- eller språkfel, eller ett märkligt urval av fakta, källor eller bilder. Mallen kan avlägsnas efter en kontroll av innehållet (vidare information) Macromia ictericaStatus i världen: Kunskapsbrist[1]SystematikDomänEukaryoterEukaryotaRikeDjurAnimaliaStamLeddjurArthropodaUnderstamSexfotingarHexapodaKlassEgentliga insekterInsectaOrdningTrollsländorOdonataÖver...
Norbert von Xanten verteidigt sich bei der Synode in Fritzlar; aus dem Norbert-Zyklus im so genannten Traditionskodex aus Kloster Weißenau, um 1525 Die vom päpstlichen Kardinallegaten Kuno von Praeneste geleitete Synode in Fritzlar des Jahres 1118 fand am 28. Juli dieses Jahres in Fritzlar in Nordhessen statt. Hauptthema dieser Versammlung der deutschen Bischöfe war der päpstliche Bann gegen Kaiser Heinrich V., der im Investiturstreit mit Rom lag. Der inzwischen verstorbene Papst Paschali...
فارس ويومKnight and Day (بالإنجليزية) معلومات عامةالصنف الفني فيلم مغامرة[1] — فيلم أكشن — فيلم كوميدي تاريخ الصدور 23 يونيو 2010مدة العرض 109 دقيقةاللغة الأصلية الإنجليزية البلد الولايات المتحدةمواقع التصوير لونغ بيتش، كاليفورنيا — كاليفورنيا — النمسا — إسبانيا الطاقمالمخرج
Salah satu gerbang masuk menuju Pasarean Mataram Pasarean Mataram (Hanacaraka: ꦥꦱꦫꦺꦪꦤ꧀ꦩꦠꦫꦩ꧀) adalah sebuah komplek pemakaman wangsa Mataram yang terletak di Kotagede, Yogyakarta. Di komplek pemakaman terdapat pusara Ki Ageng Pamanahan, Panembahan Senapati, Anyakrawati, Hamengkubuwana II, Paku Alam I, Paku Alam II, Paku Alam III dan Paku Alam IV.[1] Di komplek pemakaman tersebut terdapat juga pusara Sultan Adiwijaya dari Kesultanan Pajang, Ki Juru Martani serta ...
Yaohan Co., LTD.Nama asli株式会社ヤオハンNama latinKabushiki gaisha YaohanIndustriRitelNasibBangkrut;[1] diakuisisi oleh ÆONPenerusMaxvalu TokaiDidirikan1930 di Jepang[1]1948 (didaftarkan sebagai badan hukum)PendiriRyohei dan Katsu WadaDitutup1997[2]Wilayah operasiSeluruh duniaTokohkunciKazuo Wada Yaohan Co., Ltd. (株式会社ヤオハン Kabushiki Kaisha Yaohan), atau Yaohan (Jepang: ヤオハン atau 八百半; Tiongkok: 八佰伴) dulunya adalah sebuah gru...
Essay by Sigmund Freud Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva The German editionAuthorSigmund FreudOriginal titleDer Wahn und die Träume in W. Jensens GradivaLanguageGerman Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva (German: Der Wahn und die Träume in W. Jensens Gradiva) is an essay written in 1907 by Sigmund Freud that subjects the novel Gradiva by Wilhelm Jensen, and especially its protagonist, to psychoanalysis. The novel is about a young archaeologist, Norbert Hanold, who comes to real...
Alexey LiventsovAlexey Liventsov (2017)Personal informationNama lengkapAlexey Vyacheslavovich LiventsovKebangsaan RusiaLahir2 November 1981 (umur 42)Ryazan, Russian SFSR,Uni SovietGaya bermainRight-handed, classicEquipment(s)Butterfly[1]Peringkat tertinggi54 (Maret 2015)Peringkat sekarang139 (Januari 2018)KlubFakel Gazproma[2]Tinggi188 m (616 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Berat80 kg (176 pon) Rekam medali Putra Tenis meja Mewakili Rusia European Ch...
American journalist and ambassador Friedrich HassaurekPersonal detailsBorn(1831-10-08)October 8, 1831ViennaDiedOctober 3, 1885(1885-10-03) (aged 53)ParisResting placeSpring Grove Cemetery Friedrich Hassaurek (8 October 1831 Vienna, Austria - 3 October 1885 Paris) was a United States journalist and ambassador. Biography He attended the Piaristen gymnasium. In the German revolutions of 1848, he served in the student legion, and was twice wounded. After the failure of the Vienna Rebellion i...
Solar System Objects by orbit by size by discovery date models Lists Gravitationally rounded(equilibrium) objects Possible dwarf planets Moons (natural satellites) Planetary-mass moons Minor planets Comets Asteroids Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Solar System portal Star portalvte Euler diagram showing the types of bodies orbiting the Sun The following is a list of Solar System objects by orbit, ordered by increasing distance from the Sun. Mo...
Postseason college football bowl game College football game2021 Goodyear Cotton Bowl ClassicCollege Football Playoff Semifinal86th Cotton Bowl Classic Cincinnati Bearcats Alabama Crimson Tide (13–0) (12–1) The American SEC 6 27 Head coach: Luke Fickell Head coach: Nick Saban APCoachesCFP 444 APCoachesCFP 111 1234 Total Cincinnati 3030 6 Alabama 710010 27 DateDecember 31, 2021Season2021StadiumAT&T StadiumLocationArlington, TexasMVPBrian Robinson Jr. (RB, Alabama)Wil...
1958 film by Vincente Minnelli Some Came RunningTheatrical release posterDirected byVincente MinnelliWritten by John Patrick Arthur Sheekman Based onSome Came Runningby James JonesProduced bySol C. SiegelStarring Frank Sinatra Dean Martin Shirley MacLaine Martha Hyer Arthur Kennedy Nancy Gates Leora Dana CinematographyWilliam H. DanielsEdited byAdrienne FazanMusic byElmer BernsteinDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease date December 18, 1958 (1958-12-18) Running time136 minut...
2008 compilation album by Various artistsSongs for TibetCompilation album by Various artistsReleasedAugust 5, 2008 iTunes Store (download)August 12, 2008 CDGenreAcoustic, rockProducerThe Art of Peace Foundation Songs for Tibet: The Art of Peace is a music album with contributions from a number of musicians from throughout the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and South Africa. The artists include Sting, Garbage, Rush, Suzanne Vega, Jonatha Brooke, and Ala...
Artykuł 51°48′44″N 22°39′50″E - błąd 38 m WD 51°53'N, 22°40'E - błąd 20079 m Odległość 564 m Białka wieś Zabytkowy zespół pałacowy Państwo Polska Województwo lubelskie Powiat radzyński Gmina Radzyń Podlaski Liczba ludności (2021) 794[1][2] Strefa numeracyjna 83 Kod pocztowy 21-300[3] Tablice rejestracyjne LRA SIMC 0017905[4] Położenie na mapie gminy wiejskiej Radzyń PodlaskiBiałka Położenie na mapie PolskiBiałka Położenie na mapi...
Comprehensive school in Wenvoe, Wales Mary Immaculate High SchoolAddressCaerau LaneWenvoe, CF5 5QZWalesCoordinates51°27′49″N 3°15′30″W / 51.4637°N 3.2584°W / 51.4637; -3.2584InformationTypeCo-educational comprehensiveMottoTo achieve the best for allReligious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished1963FounderArchdiocese of CardiffLocal authorityCardiffSpecialistInvestors in People: Gold, International School, Eco-School, FairTrade School, iNet School, Health...
Danish architect The Henry Dunker Culture Centre in Helsingborg, Sweden Kim Utzon (born 1957) is a Danish architect, and son of Jørn Utzon. Biography Kim Utzon was born in 1957 as the son of Pritzker Prize-winning Danish architect Jørn Utzon. He studied architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1976 to 1981.[1] From 1986 he was part of Utzon Architects. He has collaborated with his father on several projects, including the Paustian furniture store in Copenhagen. Sel...
جائزة الكرة الذهبية 1994الفائز بالكرة الذهبية 1994، خريستو ستويتشكوفمعلومات عامةالرياضة كرة القدم البلد فرنسامقدمة من فرانس فوتبولآخر فائز خريستو ستويتشكوفتعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات جائزة الكرة الذهبية 1994، جائزة سنوية تُعطى لأفضل لاعب كرة القدم في العالم من ...
