Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring chemical found in blood plasma. It is a metabolicby-product of continual protein modification processes in the cytoplasm of all human cells. It is closely related to L-arginine, a conditionally essential amino acid. ADMA interferes with L-arginine in the production of nitric oxide (NO), a key chemical involved in normal endothelial function and, by extension, cardiovascular health.
Discovery
Patrick Vallance and his London co-workers first noted the interference role for asymmetric dimethylarginine in the early 1990s.[1]
Today biochemical and clinical research continues into the role of ADMA in cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction and certain forms of kidney disease.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine is created in protein methylation, a common mechanism of post-translational protein modification. This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme set called protein arginine N-methyltransferases 1 and 2 (also known as S-adenosylmethionine protein N-methyltransferases I and II).[2]
The methyl groups transferred to create ADMA are derived from the methyl group donor S-adenosylmethionine, an intermediate in the metabolism of homocysteine. (Homocysteine is an important blood chemical because it is also a marker of cardiovascular disease). After synthesis, ADMA migrates into the extracellular space and thence into blood plasma. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is measured using high-performance liquid chromatography.
ADMA concentrations are substantially elevated by native or oxidized LDLcholesterol.[3]
Thus a spiralling effect occurs with high endothelial LDL levels causing greater ADMA values, which in turn inhibit NO production needed to promote vasodilation. The elimination of ADMA occurs through urine excretion and metabolism by the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). The role of homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease is suggested to be mediated by homocysteine down-regulating production of DDAH in the body. Polyphenol antioxidants also play a role in down-regulating homocysteine.
ADMA and suggested lines of therapeutic research
ADMA may play a role in certain forms of kidney disease
With raised levels of ADMA seemingly to be associated with adverse human health consequences for cardiovascular disease, metabolic diseases, and also a wide range of diseases of the elderly, the possible lowering of ADMA levels may have important therapeutic effects. However, it has yet to be established whether ADMA levels can be manipulated and, more important, if this results in useful clinical benefits.
The association of ADMA with abnormalities of lipid regulation suggested that supplements of free fatty acids might manipulate ADMA levels. However, research has failed to show that these have an effect.[4][5]
ADMA's role has been linked with elevated levels of homocysteine.[6][7][8] Whilst approaches at modifying the latter with oral supplements of folic acid were strongly suggested, studies have shown this fails to give any clinical benefit and suggested that B vitamins might instead increase some cardiovascular risks.[9][10][11]
Direct alteration of ADMA levels with supplements of L-arginine have been suggested.[12][13]
The hope is that such intervention might not only improve endothelial function but also reduce clinical symptoms of overt cardiovascular disease.[14][15]
However studies show inconsistency in results in a clinical context,[16]
and the recent results with manipulating homocysteine levels warrant extreme care with what clinical outcomes might arise from this approach.
Statins, as well as affecting circulating cholesterol levels, also increase nitric oxide levels and so have a direct effect on blood supply to the heart. Elevated levels of ADMA seems to modify this effect and so may have consequences for patients' responsiveness to taking statins.[17]
Repeated administration of d-amphetamine may decrease ADMA in mice.[18]
^Namiranian K, Mittermayer F, Artwohl M, Pleiner J, Schaller G, Mayer BX, Bayerle-Eder M, Roden M, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Wolzt M (2005). "Free fatty acids do not acutely increase asymmetrical dimethylarginine concentrations". Horm Metab Res. 37 (12): 768–72. doi:10.1055/s-2005-921100. PMID16372232. S2CID260169813.
^Krzyzanowska K, Mittermayer F, Krugluger W, Schnack C, Hofer M, Wolzt M, Schernthaner G (2006). "Asymmetric dimethylarginine is associated with macrovascular disease and total homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes". Atherosclerosis. 189 (1): 236–40. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.007. PMID16414052.
^Stuhlinger MC, Stanger O (2005). "Asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA): a possible link between homocyst(e)ine and endothelial dysfunction". Curr Drug Metab. 6 (1): 3–14. doi:10.2174/1389200052997393. PMID15720202.
^Zoungas S, McGrath BP, Branley P, Kerr PG, Muske C, Wolfe R, Atkins RC, Nicholls K, Fraenkel M, Hutchison BG, Walker R, McNeil JJ (2006). "Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Atherosclerosis and Folic Acid Supplementation Trial (ASFAST) in chronic renal failure: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial". J Am Coll Cardiol. 47 (6): 1108–16. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.064. PMID16545638. S2CID37275349.
^Rector TS, Bank AJ, Mullen KA, Tschumperlin LK, Sih R, Pillai K, Kubo SH (15 June 1996). "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of supplemental oral L-arginine in patients with heart failure". Circulation. 93 (12): 2135–41. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.93.12.2135. PMID8925582.
^Ceremuzynski L, Chamiec T, Herbaczynska-Cedro K (1997). "Effect of supplemental oral L-arginine on exercise capacity in patients with stable angina pectoris". Am J Cardiol. 80 (3): 331–3. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00354-8. PMID9264427.
