The Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic railroad, nicknamed Black Cinders & Ashes,[1] ran from Claiborne, Maryland (with steamship connections to Baltimore), to Ocean City, Maryland. It was chartered as the Baltimore and Eastern Shore Railroad in 1886 and began operation in 1890, at which time it purchased the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad Company, merging it into its own operations. Over the following 100 years, it struggled to remain profitable, changed names and ownership several times and abandoned most of its rail line. The only portion that remains in service today is the 3.65-mile (5.87 km) long Willards Industrial Track, the 0.65-mile (1.05 km) Mardela Industrial Track and the 0.6-mile (0.97 km) Mill Street Industrial Track - all in Salisbury, Maryland - operated by Delmarva Central Railroad on track owned by Norfolk Southern Railroad. Track, bridges and right-of-way remain across Delmarva and at least one portion has been turned into a rail trail.
It operated 87 miles (140.0 km) of center-line track and 15.6 miles (25.11 km) of sidings.[2]
The railroad started construction in 1889 and cost $2.356 million ($2024=79,895,000).[2]
History
Originally chartered in 1876 [3] as the Baltimore & Eastern Shore Railroad Company and then reauthorized in 1886, incorporated March 2, 1886.[4][2] The railroad started construction in 1889, completed on December 1, 1890.[2] Also in 1890, the Baltimore & Eastern Shore Railroad Company purchased the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad (incorporated on February 15, 1848),[2] consisting of approximately 30 miles of track from Salisbury to Ocean City, Maryland. The latter was chartered to operate from Salisbury to Ocean City, Maryland, of which the section from Salisbury to Berlin was opened for operation on May 1, 1868, and the section from Berlin to Ocean City, in 1876.[2] For the first year of operation, B&ES also operated a rail-transfer ferry from Bay Ridge (near Annapolis, Maryland) where the connection was made to Baltimore by rail.[5]
B&ES struggled financially and it was put in the hands of a receiver after only nine months of operation. The receiver terminated the rail-transfer service to Bay Ridge and, instead, started direct passenger service between Baltimore and Claiborne.
The venture was not successful as on August 29, 1894, the B&ES railroad was liquidated in a judicial sale and the assets were sold to the re-organizers.[2] The new owner, the Baltimore Chesapeake and Atlantic railroad (BC&A) was incorporated on August 30, 1894, with its principal office in Salisbury, Maryland.[2] That same year, the railroad also acquired several steamboat companies; namely the Maryland, Choptank and Eastern Shore Steamboat Companies, all of Baltimore, for $1.7 million in waterline property, wharves and equipment.[2] In 1902, the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) became the majority stockholder but BC&A still operated under its organization.[5][6]
As of 1915, the railroad consisted of a single-track, 87-mile line, with a branch line about 0.5 mile long extending from Salisbury to Fulton.[2] The new, combined operations of BC&A in railroad and waterlines had been profitable with $0.5 million in profit on a total investment of $4.325 million with a total revenue of $17.8 million for the period of 1894 – 1915 and controlled by PRR as majority stockholder.[2] Dividends were paid on $1.5 million per value of 5 per cent cumulative preferred stock but none were paid on the common stock of $1.0 million [2] and none paid on the preferred stock after 1912.[7]
By 1921, the railroad had turned unprofitable due in part to private autos and trucks to the point where in March 1922, it stopped making payments on its first mortgage. In 1921, PRR provided financial assistance in order for BC&A to make payments due under its first mortgage. This continued intermittently until 1926 when PRR announced it was unwilling to continue this assistance. The following year, the trustee for the first mortgage, Chatham National Bank & Trust Co. of NY filed for foreclosure.[7] The railroad was sold on March 29, 1928, to Charles Carter, representing PRR interests and reorganized as the Baltimore and Eastern Railroad (B&E) entirely owned by PRR.
B&E survived up through the Penn Central bankruptcy and subsequent Conrail merger but Conrail planned to abandon the B&E lines.
The railroad also played a key role in the fight against racial segregation and the path to civil rights. Maryland civil rights advocates such as attorney William Ashbie Hawkins represented several plaintiffs before the Maryland Public Service Commission, protesting the segregated conditions maintained by the railroad in both the boats and trains under Maryland's Jim Crow laws in the 1910-1920s. Though Hawkins' various complaints were dismissed, the Public Service Commission did recommend changes such as ordering the BC&A to provide seating (with partitions) in nonsmoking as well as smoking cars to assure greater equality in the future. It would be another four decades until another Marylander, Elmer Henderson, was successful in arguing to the United States Supreme Court in 1950 that "...segregative dining practices on the railroads could not be equal". Henderson's court victory in integrating interstate travel contributed to Maryland's repeal of its railroad segregation laws in 1951. So as Bogen writes, "generations of protesters and lawyers who resisted segregation ... in Maryland played their role in making it possible for a woman in Montgomery, Alabama ...(Rosa Parks)... to change the world."
In 1982, the State of Maryland purchased segments of the original Baltimore and Eastern Shore, Baltimore Chesapeake and Atlantic railways and other former PRR properties in Maryland from the Penn Central corporation.[8]
Claiborne Wharf with BC&A tracks
Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad Company (1848–1890)
Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad
The railroad was incorporated on February 15, 1848 [2] and reauthorized in 1864 was to connect Salisbury and Berlin, Maryland; 23 miles apart.[9] At the time the railroad was chartered, there were no other railroads to connect with but instead the investors intended a connection with the steamboats on the Wicomico river in Salisbury, Maryland.[9] When the road started construction in 1867, Dr. H. R. Pitts was president of the company [9] and completed in May, 1868.[10] One of the original investors was Col. Lemuel Showell (d. 1902),[11] of Berlin, who later became president.
The railroad started in Salisbury on the Wicomico river and then headed east crossing over the Eastern Shore railroad and then on to Walston's switch, Parsonsburg, Pittsville, Hancock, Whaleyville, St. Martins and finally Berlin.[9] The original 20 mile line was extended in 1871, south 14 miles from Berlin to Snow Hill, Maryland, on the Pocomoke river and opened in 1872. This was done under the 1853 charter, revised in 1867, of the Worcester railroad.[9]
During this same period, a Delaware railroad, the Junction and Breakwater railroad (Incorporated in 1856) with a vision of connecting the three states of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia was expanding southward.[9] In 1874, the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore (PWB) railroad obtained a majority stockholder position and that same year completed the expansion south to the Maryland state-line.[9] In 1874, the Junction and Breakwater railroad obtained a charter from the State of Maryland to consolidate a number of railroad companies in the State including the Worcester railroad.
[12]
This meant purchasing the assets of the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad's extension to Snow Hill built under the Worcester railroad which it did in 1874.[9] The newly consolidated railroad, inclusive of the W&P's Snow hill extension would operate in the State of Maryland as the Worcester railroad and would be completed to Franklin city, Virginia, in 1876.[9]
The Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad then used the funds from the 1874 sale of the Snow Hill extension to build another six mile extension in the same year, 1874, towards Hammock Point, just opposite of Ocean City. Passengers were then ferried over to the beaches.[9] Two years later in 1876, the Wicomico & Pocomoke, operating as the Ocean City Bridge Company, built a toll bridge across Sinepuxent Bay, from Hommock Point to Ocean City, in Worcester county.[13] This remained the only bridge into the city until a new State built auto bridge was completed in 1919.[9]
The Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad inclusive of its interests in the bridge into Ocean City, operated by its subsidiary, Ocean City Bridge Company, was sold to the newly organized Baltimore & Eastern Shore railroad in 1888.[9][14]
Baltimore & Eastern Shore Railroad Company (1886–1894)
Originally chartered in 1876 [3] as the Baltimore & Eastern Shore Railroad Company and then reauthorized in 1886, incorporated March 2, 1886.[15][2] The objective of the railroad was to preserve the business connection of Baltimore with the Eastern Shore country. That business has been largely diverted to Philadelphia through the control of the Eastern Shore Railroad by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad.[16] The railroad was organized by Easton, Maryland, businessmen including Theophilus Tunis and Gen. Joseph B. Seth (1845–1927) who at the time was 69th Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates and later President of the State Senate (1906–1908),[17] and others.[18]
The railroad line as located extended from a terminus on the Chesapeake Bay, across the Eastern Shore, through Easton, to Salisbury, Maryland, where a connection was made with the Wicomico & Pocomoke road at Salisbury. The length of the road, as proposed, from the bay shore to Salisbury was to be 52 miles, and it was intended to make a line running diagonally across the Eastern Shore to Ocean City, 82 miles in length. From the proposed terminus on the bay shore the distance across Chesapeake Bay to Bay Ridge is 12 miles, which was to be covered by a ferry, and at Bay Ridge, a connection was to be made with the then new Bay Ridge Annapolis road, over which trains were to run to both the Annapolis & Baltimore Short Line and the Annapolis & Elk Ridge road.[16]
At the same time, the State authorized the railroad the right to "the right to own land and develop resorts, to own steamboats and wharves, and to merge or lease railroads outside of the state."[18] The State authorized several municipalities to guarantee the bonds of up to $500,000 for the project.[18]
Engineering and Construction
The B&ES started route location between Claiborne and Salisbury and completed location of the route in July 1886.[18] The Railroad's Chief Engineer, William H. Eichelberger estimates the construction cost for the road to be $727,000 ($2024=24,653,000) for the Claiborne-Salisbury segment, including a train ferry for Chesapeake service.[18]
The railroad started construction in 1889, completed on December 1, 1890, as well as purchasing the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad [2] The B&ES also operated a ferry from Claiborne to Annapolis, Maryland where connection was made to Baltimore by rail.[5]
Revenue Operations
The venture was not successful as on August 29, 1894, the B&ES railroad was liquidated in a judicial sale and reorganized as the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway Company.[2][14]
Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway Company (1894–1928) letterhead graphic
Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway Company (1894–1928)
1906 map
The reorganized company, the Baltimore Chesapeake and Atlantic railroad (BC&A), was incorporated on August 30, 1894, with its principal office in Salisbury, Maryland.[2] That same year, the railroad also acquired several steamboat companies; namely the Maryland, Choptank and Eastern Shore Steamboat Companies, all of Baltimore, Md. for $1.7 million in waterline property, wharves and equipment.[2] In 1902, the Pennsylvania Railroad became the majority stockholder but the BC&A still operated under its organization.[5][6]
As of 1915, the railroad consisted of a single-track, standard-gage railroad, with distance of about 87 miles, with a branch line about 0.5 mile long extending from Salisbury to Fulton, Md., making a total of 87.252 miles. It also owned 15.582 miles of yard and side tracks.[2] The new, combined operations of the BC&A in railroad and waterlines had been profitable with $0.5 million in profit on a total investment of $4.325 million with a total revenue of $17.8 million for the period of 1894 – 1915 and controlled by the Pennsylvania railroad as majority stockholder.[2] Dividends were paid on $1.5 million par value of 5 per cent cumulative preferred stock but none were paid on the common stock of $1.0 million [2] and none paid on the preferred stock after 1912.[7]
By 1921, the railroad had turned unprofitable due in part to private autos and trucks to the point where in March, 1922, it stopped making payments on its first mortgage. In 1921, the Pennsylvania railroad had to provide financial assistance in order for BC&A to make payments due under its first mortgage. This continued intermittently until 1926 when the Pennsylvania announced it was unwilling to continue this assistance. The following year, the trustee for the first mortgage, Chatham National Bank & Trust Co. of NY filed for foreclosure.[7] The railroad was sold on March 29, 1928, to Charles Carter, representing Pennsylvania railroad interests and reorganized as the Baltimore and Eastern railroad, entirely owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad.
Baltimore and Eastern Railroad Company (1923–1982)
Train station in Hurlock, Maryland
Into the 1930s the Baltimore and Eastern Railroad operated passenger service from Ocean City, to Easton stopping in Berlin, Hurlock and at Salisbury's Union Station among others. It also ran trains along a branch line from Salisbury to Delmar, Delaware and on the old Queen Anne's line between Queenstown and Love Point, a town on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay.[19] In 1932 cross peninsula travel was stopped when the Nanticoke trestle at Vienna was closed and then service to Ocean City ended the next year when the Sinepuxent Bay bridge was damaged in a storm.[20]
By 1938 passenger they had terminated passenger service. The railroad abandoned sections of line throughout the 1950's-1980's.[21] Parts of the railroad survived as part of Penn Central up through the Penn Central bankruptcy and ConRail merger but it was omitted from the system plan for Conrail.[8]
Maryland Department of Transportation (1982– )
In 1982, the State of Maryland purchased segments of the Baltimore Chesapeake and Atlantic railways from the bankrupt Penn Central and transferred for use by the Maryland Department of Transportation. For some time afterward, the section from Hurlock and Preston was operated by the Maryland and Delaware Railroad but it stopped service by 2008.[22]
From 1977 to 1988 a tourist railroad ran from Berlin to Ocean City. It used a small diesel engine and cars that are now part of the Wilmington and Western tourist railroad in upper Delaware.
The sections of rail west of Preston and between Vienna and Hebron have been abandoned and not railbanked.[23]
The remaining right of way has several owners. Between Preston and Hurlock, it is owned by MODT, as is the section between Hebron and Salisbury. Between Hurlock and Vienna the right-of-way is owned by Delmarva Power and Lighting. And the eastern section from Salisbury to Ocean city is owned by Norfolk Southern.[23]
Legacy
Racial segregation and the path to civil rights
In 1910, the state of Maryland established the Maryland Public Service Commission and granted it power over common carriers.[24] Similar in nature to the federal Interstate Commerce Commission, "...the primary concern of the Maryland Public Service Commission was rate regulation, but it also had power to hear complaints about service."[24] Shortly after its establishment, William Ashbie Hawkins represented several plaintiffs before the Public Service Commission protesting against the segregated conditions both in boats and trains under the Jim Crow law.[24]
December 1911, Hawkins filed suit against the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway for discrimination on its Chesapeake Bay ferryboats, the Avalon and the Joppa.[24] The steamer Avalon and Joppa [25] were sister ships originally built in 1888 for the Maryland Steamboat Company for the Choptank River route.[26] Hawkins alleged several discrimination practices by the railroad, namely forcing blacks to use colored only cabins that were cramped and poorly ventilated, allowing blacks to eat only what food was left after all the whites had eaten and on one trip forcing "...ministers of the African Methodist Episcopal church and their wives who had taken a steamboat to Cambridge for a meeting were forced to sit in a salon all night because there were not enough staterooms available to them."[24]
Hawkins again sued BC&A over discrimination. In the case, Thomas Turner, a Baltimore school teacher complained that "...the only compartments in which African Americans could ride were a vestibule to or a partition in the smoking area for white men."[24]
Though Hawkins' various complaints were dismissed, the Public Service Commission did recommend changes such as ordering the BC&A to provide seating (with partitions) in nonsmoking as well as smoking cars to assure greater equality in the future.[24] It would be another four decades until another Marylander, Elmer Henderson, was successful in arguing to the United States Supreme Court in 1950 that "...segregative dining practices on the railroads could not be equal".[27][24]
"Under the rules of an interstate railroad, dining cars are divided so as to allot ten tables exclusively to white passengers and one table exclusively to Negro passengers, and a curtain separates the table reserved for Negroes from the others. Under these rules, only four Negro passengers may be served at one time, and then only at the table reserved for Negroes. Other Negroes who present themselves are compelled to await a vacancy at that table, although there may be many vacancies elsewhere in the diner. The rules impose a like deprivation upon white passengers whenever more than 40 of them seek to be served at the same time and the table reserved for Negroes is vacant."
The court held that these rules violated the Interstate Commerce Act, which makes it unlawful for a railroad in interstate commerce "to subject any particular person . . . to any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage in any respect whatsoever." Henderson's court victory in integrating interstate travel contributed to Maryland repeal of its railroad segregation laws in 1951.[24] So as Bogen writes, "generations of protesters and lawyers who resisted segregation ... in Maryland played their role in making it possible for a woman in Montgomery, Alabama ...(Rosa Parks)... to change the world."[24]
Remnants
Along the right of way track, bridges and other remnants remain. A section in Salisbury, MD, from the old New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad line to the ConAgra Facility in Salisbury is still in use; and at least one piece has been turned into a rail trail.
The train shed that used to serve as the end of the line in Claiborne, MD was dismantled, moved to St. Michaels. MD and repurposed as part of the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum.[22]
A bridge over Broad Creek west of St. Michaels remains.
A section of the trail in St. Michaels has been turned into the St. Michael's Nature Trail.
A piece of the old bridge over Oak Creek at at Newcomb, MD remains and has been decked over for use as a community pier.[22]
Much of the track between Preston and Hurlock remains, but is not in use. It's owned by MDOT.[23]
Hebron Depot in Hebron, MD was restored around 2013 and now serves as a museum.[28]
W. H. Eichelberger recorded a Plat of Lots for Sale at Wrights Summit, Clinch Valley Railroad, Tazewell Co., Va. 19 x 15 in. [FOLDER C-5], Special Collections,
University Libraries (0434), Virginia Tech, 560 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061. In 1879, the Harrisburg and Potomac railroad Officers have been elected including W Eichelberger. The Railway World, Volume 5, 1879.
References
^Railroad Nicknames collected by the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society, Inc., founded in 1921. Accessed on March 19th, 2017 at [1]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuInterstate Commerce Commission reports. decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States / reported by the Commission. United States. Washington : U.S. G.P.O. : 1929–1965. [2] Accessed at HaithTrust
^ abThe Baltimore & Eastern Shore Railroad (B&ES) Company was first duly incorporated under the general incorporation law of Maryland (Acts 1876, p. 385, c. 242)
^Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland of 1886, p. 209, c. 133
^ abcdBurgess, George Heckman, and Miles Coverdale Kennedy. Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846–1946. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1949.
^ ab"Baltimore, Ches. & Atlantic: Operated Under Own Organization". Wall Street Journal. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. p. 7.
^ abcd"Road Would Discontinue: Wall Street Journal". The Wall Street Journal. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. December 3, 1927. p. 3.
^ abFrederick County Land records, folio 1169, page 712
^ abcdefghijklHayman, John C. Rails Along the Chesapeake: A History of Railroading on the Delmarva Peninsula, 1827–1978. Marvadel Publishers, 1979.
^Jacob, J. E., Carter, J., & Wainwright, E. (2000). Worcester county. Charleston, SC: Arcadia.
^Proceedings and Acts of the Maryland General Assembly, 1882, Volume 418, Page 371, Accessed at [3] an information resource of the Maryland State Archives
^Proceedings and Acts of the Maryland General Assembly, 1876, Volume 199, Page 23, Accessed at [4] an information resource of the Maryland State Archives
^ abInterstate Commerce Commission Reports, Volume 31, Valuation Reports, Decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States, October, 1929-July, 1930
^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland of 1886, p. 209, c. 133
^ ab This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Railroad gazette. v.18, page 585, 1886
^ abcde This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "PRR Chronology 1886"(PDF). www.prrths.com. March 2015. Retrieved 6 Apr 2017.
^"Baltimore and Eastern Railroad Company". Official Guide of the Railways. 64 (9). National Railway Publication Company. February 1932.
^After 1912, the boats saw little service and in 1929 were sold by the BC&A to an African-American excursion company, "Federal Hill" and then scrapped in 1940.
^Hain, John A. Side Wheel Steamers of the Chesapeake Bay, 1880–1947. Glen Burnie? Md, 1951. Print.
^Henderson v. United States, 339 U.S. 816 (1950), Henderson v. United States, No. 25, Argued April 3, 1950, Decided June 5, 1950, 339 U.S. 816 accessed at [5] on March 21, 2017
"The Pennsylvania Railroad Company: The Corporate, Financial and Construction History of Lines Owned, Operated and Controlled To December 31, 1945, Volume IV Affiliated Lines, Miscellaneous Companies, and General Index; Coverdale & Colpitts,Philadelphia, Allen, Lane & Scott, 1946 [6] General discussion on corporate history of the BC&A and Baltimore and Eastern on page 467.
