The retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet left a landscape of broadly rolling uplands and lowlands with precambrian granitic bedrock outcrops.[2][3] Few clear drainage channels were left in the rocky sediments deposited by the glacier resulting in a deranged drainage pattern.[4] The numerous wetlands and lakes formed give this ecozone a unique character.[5] Water features in this ecozone contain 22% of Canada's freshwater surface area.[1]
Soils
Soil types vary widely across the region in response to the wide range of climate and soil components present.[2] Cryosols are found in the most northerly areas wherever there is permafrost.[2][6] Accumulation of organic matter, particularly peat, results in organic soils in much of the area.[2][6] Brunisols occur in the north and west of the region where coarse to medium sediments are found.[2] In these soils, soil formation is ongoing and will eventually result in either podzols or luvisols.[6] In the south and east, podzols are found under forests growing primarily on sand in cold conditions.[2][6] Gleysols are found where poor drainage has resulted in depleted oxygen.[6] Luvisols are present where forests overlay clay deposits.[6] These two soil types occur across the region wherever these conditions occur.[2]
Ecoprovinces
This ecozone can be further subdivided into six ecoprovinces:[7]
The regional climate has long, cold winters and short summers, conditions which are moderated in coastal regions.[2] Summers in the east are warmer than those in the west of the region.[2] The mean annual temperature ranges from -4 °C in northern Saskatchewan to 5.5 °C in Newfoundland.[2] Precipitation increases from west to east.[2]
Fire suppression, insect control, clear-cutting and single-species tree farming are widespread in accessible areas. These practices may, over the long term, reduce the diversity of both plant and animal species and increase the forest's vulnerability to disease.[5]
Many Shield lakes and soils are extremely sensitive to changes in pH. Acid rain from local sources and from the long-range transport of airborne pollutants has already taken an ominous toll. It may be weakening the general vigour and growth rate of trees, as well as of aquatic species, in sensitive areas.[5]
Conservation
Under 3% of the ecozone's total land space forbids industrial activities of any kind; this land space is therefore designated as protected. Another 5% of the ecozone's land space is also considered protected, though not as strictly; activities such as mining or forestry may be tolerable in such areas. The Boreal Shield is the largest ecozone in Canada, however, compared to other ecozones, it exhibits among the smallest shares of land that have been deemed protected. Because the region is abundant in forest land, it is subject to extensive forestry practices.[13]
In order to strengthen public dialogue and engagement on matters concerned with protected areas within the ecozone, land allocation programs have been adopted in Ontario and Saskatchewan. The programs consist of local and regional-level advisory groups that serve to help select and manage conservation areas in these provinces.[13]
^"Ecozones Introduction". Canadian Council on Ecological Areas (CCEA). Retrieved 12 August 2017. This level of generalization is well suited for national scale reporting. In the last 20 years, all Provinces and Territories have refined and automated their respective regional ecological framework. It is important, then, to provide a current national perspective which accurately reflects current regional efforts. ... Detailed ecological information remains with jurisdictions.
^Torsten, Bernhardt. "Boreal Shield". Canadian Biodiversity. Torsten Bernhardt. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
^ abUrquizo, Natty; Bastedo, Jamie; Brydges, Tom; Shear, Harvey. "Ecological Assessment of the Boreal Shield Ecozone"(PDF). publications.gc.ca. Government of Canada: Public Services and Procurement Canada. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
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