The area of present-day Cameroon was claimed by Germany as a protectorate during the "Scramble for Africa" at the end of the 19th century. The German Empire named the territory Kamerun. During World War I, French and British troops invaded the German colony Kamerun (Present day Cameroon) and decided to divide the German colony into two regions.[3] One of the regions would be French administered (French Cameroon) and the other would be British administered (British Cameroons).[3] The British were more concerned with other areas of Africa, specifically Nigeria.[3] Thus, the French gained a larger portion of Cameroon when the country was divided.[3]
League of Nations mandate
During World War I, it was occupied by British, French and Belgian troops, and a later League of Nations mandate to Great Britain and France by the League of Nations in 1922. The French mandate was known as Cameroun and the British territory was administered as two areas, Northern Cameroons and Southern Cameroons. Northern Cameroons consisted of two non-contiguous sections, divided by a point where the Nigerian and Cameroun borders met. In the 1930s, most of the white population consisted of Germans, who were interned in British camps starting in June 1940. The native population of 400,000 showed little interest in volunteering for the British forces; only 3,500 men did so.[4]
Detailed map of Cameroons under United Kingdom trusteeship, 1949, showing provinces, districts and towns. Produced by the Survey Department, Lagos, Nigeria.
Trust territory
When the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946, most of the mandate territories were reclassified as United Nations trust territories, henceforth administered through the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The object of trusteeship was to prepare the lands for eventual independence. The United Nations approved the Trusteeship Agreements for British Cameroons to be governed by Britain on 6 December 1946.
Colonial legacy
Under colonial rule, Cameroons was ruled on the basis of indirect rule which allowed natives to execute judicial and executive decisions.[5] The British in Cameroons used indirect rule because it meant that Cameroonians would comply willingly rather than having to coercively force compliance.[6] This was important because it gave citizens of British Cameroons autonomy and helped to establish “a greater vitality of local political institutions in West Cameroon”.[5] Despite the indirect rule used to invigorate the spirit of citizens, the British found that they had to "approach various developmental programs" because "there was little involvement of the local people in planning and executing community development programmes."[7]
In British Cameroons, European immigrants were subject to the laws of their home country while natives of Cameroons were held to customary law which was typically overseen by British administrators.[5]
The legal system established during the colonial era continues to be implemented, specifically, customary laws and the two legal systems.[5] As the community development programmes grew, there was a large delay in educational efforts because British Cameroons ". . .had no secondary school in the territory."[8] Secondary education was largely the work of missionaries such as St. Joseph College which opened in Sasse, Buea, in 1939.[8]
Independence
As French Cameroon gained independence, British Cameroons was still under the administration of Nigeria.[9] French Cameroun became independent, as Cameroun or Cameroon, on January 1, 1960, and Nigeria was scheduled for independence later that same year, which raised the question of what to do with the British territory. As colonizers of Nigeria, the British desired for the two to be united.[10] After some discussion (which had been going on since 1959), a UN-administered plebiscite was agreed to and held on 11 February 1961. The Muslim-majority Northern Area opted for union with Nigeria, and the Southern Area voted to join Cameroon.[11] No option was given for British Cameroonian independence.[12] The driving force for the unification of east and south Cameroon was Ahmadou Ahidjo and the Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) as the French were not concerned because southern Cameroon did not align with the French community established.[10]
Upon reunification with French Cameroon, Anglophone Cameroonians "made up about 20% of the federal population…their French counterparts made up a majority at 80 percent".[13]
The Separatist Ambazonia movement seeks to create an independent state out of the Cameroonian portion of British Cameroons arguing that it's anglophone population is persecuted by the francophone population of the rest of Cameroon.[15]
^Njung, George N. (1 December 2019). "The British Cameroons Mandate Regime: The Roots of the Twenty-First-Century Political Crisis in Cameroon". The American Historical Review. 124 (5): 1715–1722. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhz1025.
^I.C.B Dear, ed, The Oxford Companion to World War II (1995) p 163
^ abcdLee, Alexander; Schultz, Kenneth A. (2011). "Comparing British and French Colonial Legacies: A Discontinuity Analysis of Cameroon". SSRN1903316.
^Jua, Nantang Ben (1995). "Indirect Rule in Colonial and Post-Colonial Cameroon". Paideuma. 41: 39–47. JSTOR40341691.
^Kwo, Emil Molindo (1984). "Community Education and Community Development in Cameroon: The British Colonial Experience, 1922-1961". Community Development Journal. 19 (4): 204–213. doi:10.1093/cdj/19.4.204. JSTOR44256284.
^ abNdille, R. N.; Litt, D. (2018). "British and French Implementation of Colonial Educational policies in Cameroon 1916-1961: A Comparative Analysis". International Journal for Research in Educational Studies. 4 (5): 1–18.
^Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, p177 ISBN0-19-829645-2
^Njeuma, Martin Z. (1995). "Reunification and Political Opportunism in the Making of Cameroon's Independence". Paideuma. 41: 27–37. JSTOR40341690.
^Njung, George N. (1 December 2019). "The British Cameroons Mandate Regime: The Roots of the Twenty-First-Century Political Crisis in Cameroon". The American Historical Review. 124 (5): 1715–1722. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhz1025.
^""Cameroon Military Executing, Abusing" - HRW". Voice of America. Agence France-Presse. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2023. In 2017, resentment at perceived discrimination snowballed into the declaration of an independent state -- the 'Federal Republic of Ambazonia,' an entity that is not recognised internationally.
24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the Antarctic Treaty.
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