Carpenters' Hall

	Carpenters' Hall
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	U.S. National Historic Landmark
	U.S. Historic district; Contributing property
	Carpenters' Hall in May 2015
Location	320 Chestnut Street; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Coordinates	39°56′53″N 75°08′50″W / 39.9481°N 75.1472°W
Built	1775
Architect	Robert Smith
Architectural style	Georgian
NRHP reference No.	70000552
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	April 15, 1970
Designated NHL	April 15, 1970

Carpenters' Hall, in Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is the official birthplace of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and a key meeting place in the early history of the United States. Completed in 1775,^[4] the two-story brick meeting hall was built for and is still privately owned by the Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia, the country's oldest extant craft guild.

The First Continental Congress met at the building in 1774 and passed and signed the Continental Association. In June 1776, it was where the Pennsylvania Provincial Conference officially declared the Province of Pennsylvania's independence from the British Empire and established the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, mobilized the Pennsylvania militia for the American Revolutionary War, set up the machinery for the Pennsylvania Provincial Convention from July 15 to September 28 in 1776, which framed the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and enabled the Declaration of Independence to be written and ultimately adopted. It was briefly occupied in 1777 by the British Army during the war.

The site was designated a National Historic Landmark on April 15, 1970. On November 30, 1982, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission succeeded in passing Pennsylvania General Assembly 166(R) HR180 to recognize "Carpenters' Hall as the official birthplace of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania".

The building is free to enter and receives 120,000 visitors per year.^[5] Numerous dignitaries have visited Carpenters' Hall, including Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden, Czech Republic President Václav Havel, Latvian President Guntis Ulmanis, Texas governor and future U.S. President George W. Bush, and Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Ridge.^[4]

History

The land on which Carpenters' Hall is built was purchased on behalf of the Carpenters' Company of Philadelphia in 1768 by Benjamin Loxley, Robert Smith, and Thomas Nevell.^[6] The hall was designed by Robert Smith in the Georgian style^[7] based on both the town halls of Scotland, where Smith was born, and the villas of Palladio in Italy.^[1] The carpenters' guild held their first meeting there on January 21, 1771, and continued to do so until 1777 when the British Army captured Philadelphia.^[4] On April 23, 1773, which was Saint George's Day, it was used for the founding meeting of the St. George Society of Philadelphia.^[4]^[8]

The First Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America met at Carpenters Hall from September 5 to October 26, 1774, as the Pennsylvania State House, later renamed Independence Hall, was being used by the moderate Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania. It was here that Congress resolved to ban further imports of slaves and to discontinue the slave trade within the colonies, a step toward phasing out slavery in British North America.^[9] It also passed and signed the Continental Association. In June, 1776, it was where the Pennsylvania Provincial Conference officially declared the Province of Pennsylvania's independence from the British Empire and established the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,^[10] mobilized the Pennsylvania militia for the American Revolutionary War, set up the machinery for the Pennsylvania Provincial Convention from July 15 to September 28 in 1776, which framed the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and enabled the Declaration of Independence to be written and ultimately adopted. It was briefly occupied in 1777 by the British Army during the war.

The meeting hall served as a hospital for both British and American troops in the American Revolutionary War, and other Philadelphia institutions have held meetings in Carpenters' Hall, including Ben Franklin's Library Company of Philadelphia, the American Philosophical Society, and the First and Second Banks of the United States.

Carpenters Hall was the site of the 1798 Bank of Pennsylvania heist.^[11]^[12]

The federal Custom House in Philadelphia was located at Carpenters' Hall between 1802 and 1819, except for a brief interruption between January and April, 1811.^[13]

In 1970, Carpenters' Hall was declared a National Historic Landmark.^[14]

On November 30, 1982, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission passed Pennsylvania General Assembly 166(R) HR180 to recognize Carpenters' Hall as the official birthplace of Pennsylvania.^[15]

In 2022, a fire in the basement of the building was suspected to be arson; at the time, the building was closed for renovations.^[14]

Construction and design

The Carpenters Company was founded in 1724, but had no meeting house of their own, resorting to rented tavern rooms for their meetings. Carpenters Company members finally selected a new building site in 1768 on Chestnut Street, a few hundred feet from Benjamin Franklin's home. Robert Smith submitted the plans for the design, but did not supervise the construction of the hall. The decision to proceed with construction was made January 30, 1770. Construction was completed in August 1774.^[16]

Inscription

Over the south door of Carpenters' Hall reads the following inscription:

Within these Walls Henry, Hancock, & Adams inspired the Delegates of the Colonies With Verve and Sinew for the Toils of War

Inscription over south doorway of Assembly Room^[17]

References

^ ^a ^b Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004), Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture, ISBN 0962290815, p.29
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 15, 2006.
^ "Carpenters' Hall". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Timeline of Carpenters' Hall".
^ "CARPENTERS' HALL". Philadelphia Convention and Visitors Bureau.
^ Moss, Roger W.; Tatman, Sandra L. "Loxley, Benjamin (1720–1801) Master Builder". philadelphiabuildings.org. Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ "Architectural elements"
^ J. Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott. 1884. History of Philadelphia, 1609–1884, Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Co., Vol. I, p. 233.
^ Toogood, Anna Coxe (September 2000). "National Register Amendment". National Park Service.
^ "Timeline". www.carpentershall.org. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
^ Avery, Ron. "America's First Bank Robbery". Carpenters' Hall.
^ HUNT, KRISTIN (August 31, 2023). "The first major bank heist in America happened 225 years ago in Philly — and the wrong guy went to prison". PhillyVoice.
^ Three Centuries of Custom Houses. Washington, D.C.: National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. 1972. pp. 151–2.
^ ^a ^b Hughes, Travis (December 29, 2022). "Arson Investigation Underway at Historic Carpenters' Hall in Old City Philadelphia". WCAU.
^ "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Legislative Journal" (PDF). November 30, 1982.
^ Peterson, Charles E. Robert Smith: Architect, Builder, Patriot, 1722–1777. The Athenaeum of Philadelphia: 2000. 112–116.
^ "Carpenters' Company Hall" (PDF). Historic American Buildings Survey. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 5. Retrieved September 16, 2023.