This uniform dialect is formed after the great migration movement in Ming and Qing dynasty, and is greatly influenced by the Chinese varieties of Mandarin the immigrants spoke from Hubei, Xiang and Gan. So it keeps fewer characteristics of Sichuan's original Ba-Shu Chinese than other Sichuanese dialects, such as Minjiang dialect.
Distributions
Chengdu-Chongqing Dialect is spoken within central Chongqing, Chengdu and surrounding provinces. Chengdu-Chongqing dialect is a branch of Sichuan dialect.[3]
Academically, Chongqing dialects are spoken in main urban area of Chongqing, with one-fifth population of the Chongqing city.[4][5]
The Chengdu-Chongqing dialect is mutually intelligible with dialects spoken in its satellite districts such Sichuan. But, as all public schools and most broadcast communication in urban Chongqing use Mandarin exclusively, nearly all speakers of the dialect are good at Chongqing dialect and Mandarin. Owing to migration within China, traditional Chongqing dialect is getting similar to Mandarin, many residents of the city cannot speak the local dialect but can usually understand it, and get fluent to it after a few months or years in the area.[6]
History
With Chinese government declared movement to Chongqing during the World War II, Chongqing became the Provisional capital of the republic of China,[7] when migration boost the population of the city. Chongqing dialect mixes the merits of various local dialects, with wits and humor, gains popularity with its users.
Phonology
Tone
Chengdu-Chongqing dialect has four phonemic tones: dark level tone, light level tone, rising tone and departing tone. These tones are of same pitch as Sichuan dialects (Minjiang, Renfu, Yajin).[8]
District
Dark level tone
Light level tone
Rising tone
Departing tone
Chengdu
55
31
53
213
Chongqing
55
21
42
214
Guangyuan
55
21
42
214
Nanchong
55
21
53
14
Jinyang
55
31
52
13
Wanzhou
55
213
42
215
Yichang
55
12
42
35
Qianjiang
55
31
53
24
QIanjiang
55
31
53
24
Panzhihua
55
31
53
213
Initial
The Chengdu-Chongqing dialect in most regions doesn't have tongue retroflex (tʂ group initials), except for Bazhong district and Panxi area (except for Panzhihua), where the consonants of the tongue curling are similar but not the same as Mandarin. Chongqing dialect with 45 districts using has 20 initials, 5 initials do not exist: [ʈʂ], [ʈʂʰ], [ʂ], [ʐ~ɻ], [ȵ]; Chengdu dialect with 77 districts using has 21 initials, 4 initials do not exist: [ʈʂ], [ʈʂʰ], [ʂ], [ʐ~ɻ].[9]
The following is the initial consonant inventory of Chengdu-Chongqing dialect:[9]
In particular, the consonants of Chengdu are comparable but not identical to those in Mandarin. See the inventories below:[10]
Labial
Coronal
Alveopalatal
Velar
Plosive
p
pʰ
t
tʰ
k
kʰ
Affricate
ts
tsʰ
tɕ
tɕʰ
Nasal
m
n
ɲ
ŋ
Liquid
l, r
Fricative
f
v
s
z
ɕ
x
Glide
ɥ
j
w
Final
A final, the remainder of syllable after the initial, consists of an optional medial glide, a vowel and an optional final consonants. There are 42 types of finals in Sichuan dialect; four Sichuanese finals do not exist in Beijing: [ɛ], [iai], [uɛ], and [yo]. On the other hand, three Beijing finals do not exist in Sichuanese: [ɤ], [iŋ], and [əŋ]. Chengdu dialect with 62 districts using has 36 finals, Chongqing dialect with 37 districts using it has 37 finals.[9]
The tones of the Chongqing-Chengdu dialect are very similar, but not the same as that of Sichuanese. About one third of Sichuan dialects have a special entering tone, with a relatively independent set of finals, e.g.: [iæ], [uæ], [ʊ], [ɘ], [ɐ], [iɐ], [uɐ], [ɔ], [yʊ], [yɵ], etc. These vowels keep the throat tight, ensuring the muscles of the larynx and oral cavity stay tense during pronunciation, so that the entire syllable exhibits a rough and tight state.[11]
Literary and colloquial readings of Chongqing-Chengdu dialect
Affected by Mandarin for a long time, literary and colloquial readings appear in the Chongqing-Chengdu dialect. Colloquial readings are usually the inherent reading style from the ancient Sichuan dialect, mainly appearing in high-frequency everyday communication; literary readings are close to modern Mandarin, normally appearing in written language. The literary and colloquial readings have been developing in the recent decades. However, affected by the promotion of Mandarin Chinese by the Chinese government, literary readings are becoming dominant, and some pronunciations have the tendency to disappear.[14] Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters in Chengdu are shown below.[15] Note: the table is only based on 《成都语音的初步研究》in 1958, the changes of Chengdu dialect in recent years are not considered:
Example
Colloquial reading
Literary Reading
严
ŋan2
nʲian2
下
xa4
ɕia4
等
tʰən4
tən3
横
xuan3
xuən2
胯
kʰa2
kʰua4
逼
pie1
pi2
Vocabulary
As a branch of Sichuanese, Chengdu-Chongqing dialect is mainly composed of three parts: ancient Ba-Shu Chinese, vocabulary brought by immigrants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and lingua franca of ancient China.
Chengdu-Chongqing dialect is a branch of Sichuan dialect, which is very different compared with other Chinese. Yunnan dialect, which is considered very similar to Sichuan dialect, only shares 58.3% identical words.[16] Sichuan dialect is also influenced by Xiang Chinese and Gan Chinese, the vocabulary of Sichuan dialect is very different from northern Mandarin, with only 47.8% similar vocabulary.[17]
Recently, many loanwords have been introduced to Chengdu and Chongqing from standard Mandarin and English. Meanwhile, new words are developing Chengdu and Chongqing, which then spread at a dramatic speed through China.[18][19] For example, “雄起”(xióng qǐ) (meaning to "cheer up"), is a typical Chengdu-Chongqing word that gets popular in China, equivalent to "加油" (jiāyóu) in standard Mandarin.
