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Gyrista

Gyrista
Gyristan representatives (clockwise from top-left): water mould, brown algae, diatoms, Develorapax.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: TSAR
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Gyrista
Cavalier-Smith 1998[1]
Subgroups[2][3]

Gyrista is a phylum of heterokont protists containing three diverse groups: the mostly photosynthetic Ochrophyta, the parasitic Pseudofungi, and the recently described group of nanoflagellates known as Bigyromonada.[2] Members of this phylum are characterized by the presence of a helix or a double helix/ring system in the ciliary transition region.[1]

Systematics

Taxonomic history

Gyrista was first described in 1998 by protistologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his work A revised six-kingdom system of life, originally as a superphylum containing two phyla: Ochrophyta, the heterokont algae; and Bigyra, which then contained the pseudofungi and bigyromonads together with the opalines.[1] Later, the name Bigyra was modified to contain opalines, bicosoecids and labyrinthulomycetes, while the Ochrophyta, Pseudofungi and Bigyromonada remained as groups within Gyrista.[2]

Molecular phylogenetics

Gyrista was seen in 2017 as the sister group to phylum Bigyra, which contains the Sagenista and Opalozoa. Together, Gyrista and Bigyra form the superphylum Stramenopiles or Heterokonta.[2][4]

Stramenopiles

A phylogenetic analysis in 2022 recovered a monophyletic Bigyromonada sister to Pseudofungi. The "Bigyra" is paraphyletic:[5]

Stramenopiles

Classification

The 2018 revised taxonomy of Gyrista is the following,[2] with the inclusion of new ochrophyte classes described in 2020[6] and 2021:[7]

Notes

  1. ^ Cavalier-Smith suggested that Sulcochrysis is possibly related to Olisthodiscus and grouped both genera within this subclass.[9][2] However a study in 2021 reveals that Olisthodiscales is part of a new class Olisthodiscophyceae which includes only the genus Olisthodiscus. The position of the genus Sulcochrysis remains uncertain due to a lack of DNA sequences.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c Cavalier-Smith T (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 73 (3): 203–266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267. S2CID 254085270.
  3. ^ Sina M. Adl; David Bass; Christopher E. Lane; et al. (1 January 2019). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/JEU.12691. ISSN 1066-5234. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078. Wikidata Q57086550.
  4. ^ Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D (November 2016). "A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)". Mol Biol Evol. 33 (11): 2890–2898. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw168. PMC 5482393. PMID 27512113.
  5. ^ Cho A, Tikhonenkov DV, Hehenberger E, Karnkowska A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ (2022). "Monophyly of diverse Bigyromonadea and their impact on phylogenomic relationships within stramenopiles" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 171 (107468): 107468. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107468. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 35358688. S2CID 247815732.
  6. ^ a b Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020). "Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade". Protist. 171 (6): 125781. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781. PMID 33278705. S2CID 227315556.
  7. ^ a b c Dovilė Barcytė; Wenche Eikrem; Anette Engesmo; Sergio Seoane; Jens Wohlmann; Aleš Horák; Tatiana Yurchenko; Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021). "Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta". Journal of Phycology. 57 (4): 1094–1118. Bibcode:2021JPcgy..57.1094B. doi:10.1111/jpy.13155. hdl:10852/86515. PMID 33655496.
  8. ^ Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I (2008). "Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches". Protist. 159 (3): 435–457. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 18358776.
  9. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. PMID 23219323.
  10. ^ a b Silberfeld T, Rousseau F, de Reviers B (2014). "An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 35 (2): 117–156. doi:10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117. S2CID 86227768.
  11. ^ Hibberd DJ (February 1981). "Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 82 (2): 93–119. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00954.x.


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