HMS Ardent (F184)

	HMS Ardent
History
United Kingdom
Name	HMS Ardent
Operator	Royal Navy
Ordered	17 April 1973
Builder	Yarrow Shipbuilders
Laid down	26 February 1974
Launched	9 May 1975
Commissioned	13 October 1977
Homeport	HMNB Devonport
Identification	Pennant number: F184
Motto	Through fire and water
Fate	Sunk by Argentine aircraft on 22 May 1982
General characteristics
Class and type	Type 21 frigate
Displacement	3,250 tons full load
Length	384 ft (117 m)
Beam	41 ft 9 in (12.73 m)
Draught	19 ft 6 in (5.94 m)
Propulsion	COGOG:; 2 × Rolls-Royce Olympus gas turbines; 2 × Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1A gas turbines for cruising;
Speed	32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph)
Range	4,000 nautical miles at 17 knots (7,400 km at 31 km/h); 1,200 nautical miles at 30 knots (2,220 km at 56 km/h);
Complement	177
Armament	1 × 4.5-inch (114 mm) Mark 8 naval gun; 2 × Oerlikon 20 mm cannon; 4 × MM38 Exocet missiles; 1 × quadruple Sea Cat SAMs; 2 × triple ASW torpedo tubes; 2 × Corvus chaff launchers; 1 × Type 182 towed decoy;
Aircraft carried	1 × Westland Wasp helicopter, later refitted for 1 × Lynx

HMS Ardent was a Royal Navy Type 21 frigate. Built by Yarrow Shipbuilders Ltd, Glasgow, Scotland.^[1] She was completed with Exocet launchers in 'B' position.^[2] Ardent took part in the Falklands War, where she was sunk by Argentine aircraft in the Falkland Sound on 21 May 1982.^[3]

Falklands War

On 19 April 1982 Ardent sailed from HMNB Devonport near Plymouth for the Falkland Islands. En route, she escorted task force ships that had left late, on their way to Ascension Island, arriving on 3 May and sailing on the morning of the 7 May. On 9 May 1982 while 700 miles south west of Ascension, Ardent closed to within 200 yards of the starboard side of the troopship Canberra and provided a gun power demonstration to the troops sailing south.^[4]

On 21 May 1982, whilst lying in Falkland Sound and supporting Operation Sutton by bombarding the Argentine airstrip at Goose Green, Ardent was attacked by at least three waves of Argentine aircraft.^{[citation needed]} The air strikes caused Ardent to sink the next day.^[5]

British account

The first attack took place when a A-4 Skyhawk dropped two bombs at 16:00 Z (UTC), which straddled the frigate but both failed to explode.^[6]

The bulk of the air strikes began at 17:40 Z. Ardent was ordered to proceed west of North West Island along with Yarmouth to "split air attacks from the south". A group of three aircraft, either Skyhawks or IAI Daggers,^[7] crossed the Falklands Sound from the west and then turned to their left to attack from the north east. Cannon fire and three bombs struck home as the Argentine aircraft pressed their attack from the port side. The only defensive weapons which reacted properly were the 20 mm AA cannons.^[8]

The Sea Cat anti-aircraft missile system failed to lock onto the attackers, who also outmanoeuvred the 4.5" gun by carrying out their run out of its arc of fire. Two bombs exploded in the hangar area, destroying the Westland Lynx helicopter and blowing the Sea Cat launcher 80 ft (24 m) into the air before it crashed back down onto the flight deck, and the third crashed through the aft auxiliary machinery room but failed to explode. The aft switchboard was severely damaged, causing loss of power for some key assets, such as the main gun. The hangar was left in flames, and the crew suffered a number of casualties.^[8]

Still in full control of her engines and steering, but virtually defenceless, Ardent was told to head north, toward Port San Carlos. But at 18:00 Z five Skyhawks approached the frigate and dropped numerous free-fall and retard bombs. A pattern of two to four bombs exploded in the port quarter (aft), while an undetermined number of others which failed to explode penetrated into the ship. Some of the remaining bombs exploded in the water nearby, battering the ship and causing minor flooding in the forward auxiliary machine room.^[9]

The dining hall was shattered, communications between the bridge and the ship control centre were cut off, and the frigate lost steering. This attack caused many casualties, especially among the damage-control teams working in the hangar.^[9]

Ardent stopped in the shallow waters of Grantham Sound, the fires in her stern now out of control. With the ship listing heavily, Commander Alan West gave the order to abandon the ship. Yarmouth came alongside to take off survivors, and the crew was transferred to Canberra. At that time it was known that 22 men were killed. Ardent continued to burn throughout the night, accompanied by the occasional explosion, until she sank at 6:30 the next day, with only her skewed radar antenna on the foremast remaining above the water.^[10]

Able Seaman John Dillon was able to remove an injured sailor from the debris and, despite his own burns, got the man topside and into the water where they were both rescued. For his heroism he received a George Medal, one of three awarded for the war.^[11]

The last man to leave was her captain, Commander Alan West, who was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, and served as First Sea Lord from 2002–2006.^[9]^[12]

Within days naval divers removed her light AA guns for fitting to other ships and her foremast was used as a navigational warning and datum by her sister ship Arrow whilst she bombarded Goose Green.^[12]

The wreck is designated as a prohibited area under the Falkland Islands Protection of Wrecks Act.^[13]^[14]

Argentine account

Air Force attacks

According to the Argentine Air Force official website^[15] Ardent was the subject of two attacks from FAA aircraft:

14:00 Argentine time (UTC-3) by a lone A-4B Skyhawk of 5th Air Group.^[16] Four A-4B took off from Rio Gallegos at 11:30 UTC-3. After experiencing problems during the air-to-air refuelling, two aircraft were forced to abort and fly back to their base. Once over the Falklands Sound, the remainder Skyhawks chanced upon an unidentified transport ship – she was apparently the abandoned Argentine cargo vessel Río Carcaraña – which was attacked by one of the jets. The other fighter, piloted by the flight commander, Captain Pablo Carballo, dropped one 1,000 lb (450 kg) dumb bomb on a frigate he found at Grantham Sound. He reported heavy anti-aircraft fire but returned safely.^[16] The bomb exploded on the stern.^[16] Carballo went on to attack Broadsword a few days later.
14:40 UTC-3 by IAI Daggers of 6th Air Group.^[16] A flight of two Daggers, led by Captain Mir González, was joined by a third Dagger returning from an aborted sortie. They headed together towards San Carlos, but were intercepted by a patrol of Sea Harriers vectored by Brilliant, and the attached aircraft was shot down over West Falkland. The pilot ejected and was recovered later. The two original Daggers successfully outran the British air patrol and entered Falklands Sound from the south. They discovered a frigate and dropped two 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs on her stern. They also hit the craft with their 30 mm cannon. According to this report, the warship responded to the attack by firing anti-aircraft missiles.^[16]

Gate guardian painted in the colours of *3-A-314*, the last A-4Q to attack *Ardent* at the entrance of Air Club Mar del Plata. The pilot, Lt. Gustavo Marcelo Márquez, killed in action, had been born in this city and was a member of that club.

Navy aircraft sortie

15:01 UTC-3 three Argentine Navy A-4Q Skyhawks of 3rd Fighter and Attack Naval Sqd. hit Ardent with at least two bombs on the stern,^[17]^[18] a number of unexploded bombs which ripped into the hull, and several near-misses.^[9] These fighters usually operated off the carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, but this mission was carried out from a land base at Rio Grande. Navy aircraft used a dozen 500 lb (230 kg) retarding tail bombs during the attack.^[19]^[20]

During their escape they were shot down by Sea Harriers. The pilot who made the final run, Lt. Gustavo Marcelo Márquez was killed in action after his A-4Q was hit by 30 mm fire and exploded. Lt. Philippi, shot down by an AIM-9L Sidewinder missile, ejected safely; afterwards being sheltered by local farmer Tony Blake during the night^[21] he rejoined Argentine forces. Lt. Arca, with his A-4Q also struck by 30 mm rounds, bailed out safely after an unsuccessful attempt to land at Stanley. The pilot was rescued from the water by the Argentine Army Huey UH-1H of Captain Svendsen.^[22]^[23] Arca ejected at Cape Pembroke, two miles (3 km) from Stanley airstrip.^[24] The Argentine Naval Aviation applied the mathematical theory published in the book "Monte Carlo", which stated that if six jets loaded with four 250 kilo bombs dropped them “in a row” on a warship, the possibility of impact was four direct hits. This would cause the ship to sink. It also warned that the attacking group of six jets would lose 50 percent of its aerial material, which also occurred, since the attacking naval group lost 50 percent of its aircraft (3 jets) with two pilots ejected and one dead.

Notes

^ Higgitt 2001, p. 48.
^ Fitzsimons, Edward: The Illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare. Purnell Reference Books, 1979. V. 1, page 92
^ Higgitt 2001, p. 52.
^ "Naval Gun Power - HMS Ardent". YouTube. 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
^ ARGENTIJNEN SCHAKELEN TWEE BRITSE FREGATTEN UIT Britten klaar voor opmars naar hoofdstad Falklands
^ Board of Inquiry – Report into the Loss of HMS Ardent, page 2 Archived 26 October 2012 at the UK Government Web Archive
^ Smith 2006, p. 79.
^ ^a ^b Board of Inquiry – Report into the Loss of HMS Ardent, page 3
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Board of Inquiry – Report into the Loss of HMS Ardent, pp. 3–4 Archived 26 October 2012 at the UK Government Web Archive
^ Hampshire, Edward (15 April 2021). The Falklands Naval Campaign 1982: War in the South Atlantic. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4728-4302-9.
^ "John Dillon on Forces Reunited". Telegraph. 19 March 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Royal Naval Surface/Submarine Flotilla Units Represented". www.operations.mod.uk. Archived from the original (MSWord) on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ Protection of Wrecks Ordnance 1977 (No. 12) 7 July 1977 (Falkland Islands)
^ Protection of Wrecks (Ardent and Antelope Designation) Order 1983 (No. 2) 20 October 1983 (Falkland Islands)
^ "Objective Navale". Fuerzaa erea Argentina (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2015. (in Spanish)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "El Callejón de las Bombas: segunda oleada". Fuerzaa erea Argentina (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ Brown 1987.
^ Higgitt 2001, p. 221.
^ Villarino 1984, p. 206.
^ Chant 2001, p. 84.
^ La balada del piloto bahiense y el estanciero kelper Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
^ Brown 1987, p. 195.
^ Villarino 1984, p. 204-206.
^ Villarino 1984, pp. 204–205.

References

Brown, David (1987). The Royal Navy and the Falklands War. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-059-2.
Chant, Christopher (2001). Air War in the Falklands 1982. Oxford: Osprey Aviation. ISBN 1-84176-293-8.
Higgitt, Mark (2001), Through Fire and Water, HMS Ardent:The Forgotten Frigate of the Falklands War, Mainstream Publishing Company, ISBN 1-84018-356-X
HMS Ardent Association
Smith, Gordon (2006). Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 by Land, Sea and Air. Lulu.com. ISBN 1-84753-950-5.
Villarino, Horacio (April 1984). Exocet (in Spanish). Siete Días. ISBN 950-10-0116-4.(in Spanish)
UK MOD Board of Inquiry Report Into The Loss Of HMS Ardent
Monte Carlo matemathical theory [1]