HMS Defence (1763)

	HMS Defence at the Battle of the Glorious First of June 1794, dismasted and with severe injury to the hull, by Nicholas Pocock
History
Great Britain
Name	HMS Defence
Ordered	15 December 1758
Builder	Israel Pownoll, Plymouth Dockyard
Launched	31 March 1763
Fate	Wrecked, 24 December 1811
Notes	Participated in:; Battle of Cape St Vincent; Battle of Cuddalore; Glorious First of June; Battle of the Nile; Battle of Trafalgar;
General characteristics
Class and type	Bellona-class ship of the line
Tons burthen	1,6038⁄94 (bm)
Length	168 ft (51.2 m) (gundeck)
Beam	46 ft 9 in (14.2 m)
Draught	21 ft 6 in (6.6 m)
Depth of hold	19 ft 9 in (6.0 m)
Sail plan	Full-rigged ship
Armament	Gundeck: 28 × 32-pounder guns; Upper gundeck: 28 × 18-pounder guns; QD: 14 × 9-pounder guns; Fc: 4 × 9-pounder guns;

HMS Defence was a 74-gun Bellona-class third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built by Israel Pownoll and launched on 31 March 1763 at Plymouth Dockyard. She was one of the most famous ships of the period, taking part in several of the most important naval battles of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. In 1811 she was wrecked off the coast of Jutland with the loss of almost her entire crew.

Career

During the American War of Independence, Defence served with the Channel Fleet, seeing action at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent in 1780. She was sent out to India in early 1782 as part of a squadron of five ships under Commodore Sir Richard Bickerton, arriving too late for the battles of that year. But in 1783 she took part in the last battle of the war, at Cuddalore. She returned to England at the end of 1785. She was then laid up during the years of peace until the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Recommissioned into the Channel Fleet under Captain James Gambier, she fought at the Glorious First of June in 1794, distinguishing herself in action against Mucius and Tourville, and becoming one of only two British ships to be completely dismasted in the battle. After repairs, she was sent to the Mediterranean, joining Admiral William Hotham in time to take part in the Battle of Hyeres in July.

Defence was at Plymouth on 20 January 1795 and so shared in the proceeds of the detention of the Dutch naval vessels, East Indiamen, and other merchant vessels that were in port on the outbreak of war between Britain and the Netherlands.^[2]

In 1798 she returned to the Mediterranean under Captain John Peyton, taking part in the Battle of the Nile in August.

On 1 July 1800, Defence, Fisgard, Renown and the hired armed cutter Lord Nelson were in Bourneuf Bay when they sent in their boats to attack a French convoy at Île de Noirmoutier.^[3] The British destroyed the French ship Therese (of 20 guns), a lugger (12 guns), two schooners (6 guns each) and a cutter (6 guns), of unknown names. The cutting out party also burned some 15 merchant vessels loaded with corn and supplies for the French fleet at Brest. However, in this enterprise, 92 officers and men out of the entire party of 192 men, fell prisoners to the French when their boats became stranded. Lord Nelson had contributed no men to the attacking force and so had no casualties.^[3]^[a]

In 1801, Defence sailed to the Baltic under Captain Lord Henry Paulet with Admiral Hyde Parker's fleet. She was present at the Battle of Copenhagen, but did not see action as she was part of the reserve under Parker.

In 1805 she saw action again at the Battle of Trafalgar, where under Captain George Johnstone Hope, she captured the San Ildefonso and fought the Berwick, suffering 36 casualties.

Defence was one of the British ships in support of the 1809 Walcheren Campaign which was intended to capture Vlissingen (Flushing) and Antwerp in the Netherlands.

Loss

She ran aground on 24 December 1811 off the west coast of Jutland, Denmark. She was under the command of Captain D. Atkins and in the company of St George, under Rear-Admiral Robert Carthew Reynolds, and Cressy, when a hurricane and heavy seas came up. St George was jury-rigged and so Atkins refused to leave her without the admiral's permission. As a result, both were wrecked near Ringkøbing. Cressy did not ask for permission and so avoided wrecking.^[5]

Defence lost all but 14 of her crew of 597 men and boys, including her captain.^[5] St George too lost almost her entire crew, including the admiral. Most of the bodies that came ashore were buried in the sand dunes of Thorsminde, which have been known ever since as "Dead Mens Dunes".^[5] The Danish authorities quickly ordered Lieutenant Wigelsen to the area as Receiver of Wreck

Captain Atkins and his culpability for the loss

Captain David Atkins is first noted as a midshipman under Captain Erasmus Gower in HMS Edgar in 1780–81. For two years commencing in 1792, he was 3rd lieutenant with Gower in HMS Lion under Gower. John Barrow later claimed Atkins while on Lion was a navigator, "showing skill in lunar observations way beyond his years".^[6] He followed Gower onto HMS Triumph and was first lieutenant on Triumph from 1794. He was promoted captain in 1798; in 1801, he was promoted to captain; and thence to flag captain to Gower on Princess Royal. In 1805 HMS Seine was captained by him.^[6] In 1809, he commanded Defence in the Walcheren Expedition.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^{[excessive citations]}

Accounting for blame for the loss is conflicted. Some say he followed HMS St George onto the reef. As published by Brenton 3 Brenton (1837) Naval History of Great Britain the St George, bearing the flag of Rear-Admiral Robert Carthew Reynolds, ran ashore. Ostensibly, when told of this, Atkins asked whether the admiral had made the signal giving him leave to part company. Hearing a denial, Atkins said: "I will never desert my Admiral in the hour of danger and distress." Defence ran aground and was overcome by a breaking sea. The breakup led to loss of 593 men, her full complement being 597.^[6] One of the survivors said that "At half-past twelve the captain told Mr. Baker he would not wear till the St. George did, but would stay by her."^[11]

On the other hand, the Annual Register (Vol 54), however, states that "HMS Defence was the first ship to run aground and that HMS St George (flagship) immediately let go its anchor but that the ship swung around on her cable and also went aground as a result." This account was corroborated by an account printed in Gentleman's Magazine in 1812. In the incident, "HMS St George was also destroyed, with the loss of 838 lives, including Reynolds."^[6] Given the fog of war and passage of time, this historical debate may never be conclusively resolved.^[6]

Atkins' body was buried with full Military honours by the Danes.^[6]

Notes

^ She did share in the head money with an able seaman receiving 3s 11+3⁄4d, and her commander receiving £6 8s 7+1⁄2d, in 1825.^[4]

Citations

^ Winfield (2008), p. 43.
^ "No. 15407". The London Gazette. 15 September 1801. p. 1145.
^ ^a ^b Debritt (1801), Appendix:History of the war page 37.
^ "No. 18160". The London Gazette. 30 July 1825. p. 1337.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gosset (1986), p. 81.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bates, David; Gower, David I. (2017). Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (1742-1814). Pomona, Queensland: Sage Old Books. ISBN 9780958702126.Atkins, David. "David Atkins biography". Sage Old Books. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
^ Tracy, Nicholas (1998). The Naval Chronicle: 1811-1815 (Hardcover). Vol. 5. London; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, USA: Chatham Publishing, Stackpole Books. pp. 60–62. ISBN 9780811711111.
^ Clowes, William Laird; Markham, Clements Robert; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1900). The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present. Vol. 5. S. Low, Marston. p. 498.
^ Gilly, William Stephen (1864). Narratives of Shipwrecks of the Royal Navy Between 1793 and 1857 Compiled Principally from Official Documents in the Admiralty (3rd ed.). Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green. p. 376.
^ Mackenzie, Robert Holden (1969) [1913]. The Trafalgar Roll: Containing the Names and Services of All Officers of the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines who Participated in the Glorious Victory of the 21st October 1805, Together with a History of the Ships Engaged in the Battle (Hardcover). London: Cornmarket Press. pp. 179, 182, 185. ISBN 0719120330.
^ The Naval Chronicle, Vol 28 p 210

References

Debritt, J. (1801). A Collection of State Papers Relative to the War Against France Now Carrying on by Great Britain and the Several Other European Powers ... A Collection of State Papers Relative to the War Against France Now Carrying on by Great Britain and the Several Other European Powers. J. Debrett.
Gosset, William Patrick (1986). The lost ships of the Royal Navy, 1793-1900. Mansell. ISBN 0-7201-1816-6.
Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.