Interkosmos

Interkosmos program
Интеркосмос Космическая Программа; Interkosmos Kosmicheskaya Programma
	Interkosmos patch
Program overview
Country	Soviet Union (1967-1991); Russia (1992-1994);
Organization	Soviet space program (1967-1991); Roscosmos (1992-1994);
Purpose	crewed and uncrewed space mission for Soviet allies
Status	Completed
Program history
Duration	1967–1994
First flight	Vertikal 1; November 28, 1970;
First crewed flight	Soyuz 28; March 2, 1978;
Last flight	Interkosmos 26; March 2, 1994;
Launch site(s)	Baikonur

Interkosmos (Russian: Интеркосмос) was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union's allies with crewed and uncrewed space missions.

The program was formed in April 1967 in Moscow.^[1]^[2] All members of the program from USSR were given the Hero of the Soviet Union medal or the Order of Lenin. The program included the allied east-European states of the Warsaw Pact, Eastern Bloc, CoMEcon, and other socialist states like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. Non-aligned states such as India and Syria participated,^[3]^[4] and capitalist states such as the United Kingdom, France and Austria.^[5]^[6]

Following the Apollo–Soyuz mission, there were talks between NASA and Interkosmos in the 1970s about a "Shuttle-Salyut" program to fly Space Shuttle missions to a Salyut space station, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Buran-class orbiter to a future US space station.^[7] Whilst the Shuttle-Salyut program never materialized during the existence of the Soviet Interkosmos program, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Shuttle–Mir Program would follow in these footsteps in the mid-1990s and eventually pave the way to the International Space Station.

Beginning in April 1967 with unpiloted research satellite missions, the first crewed Interkosmos mission occurred in February 1978.^[6] Joint crewed spaceflights enabled 14 non-Soviet cosmonauts to participate in Soyuz space flights between 1978 and 1988. The program was responsible for sending into space the first citizen of a country other than the US or USSR: Vladimír Remek of Czechoslovakia.^[5] Interkosmos also resulted in the first black and Hispanic person in space, Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez of Cuba, and the first Asian person in space, Phạm Tuân of Vietnam. Of the countries involved, only Bulgaria sent two cosmonauts to space, although the second one did not fly under the Interkosmos program, and the French spationaut Jean-Loup Chrétien flew on two flights.^[8]

The Soviet Union also made offers of joint human spaceflight on a commercial basis to the United Kingdom and Japan resulting in the first British and Japanese cosmonauts. In the early 1980s, an offer was made to Finland as well, with test pilot Jyrki Laukkanen mentioned as one of the potential Finnish cosmonauts. The pilots of the Test Flight (Koelentue) refused on the grounds that participation would not benefit the flight or test pilot activity in any way. No further offers were made to Finland.^[9]^[10]

Crewed missions

Human spaceflight provider

  participants

  refused offer

Date	Prime	Backup	Country	Mission	Space station
2 March 1978	Vladimír Remek^[11]	Oldřich Pelčák	Czechoslovakia	Soyuz 28	Salyut 6
27 June 1978	Mirosław Hermaszewski	Zenon Jankowski	Poland	Soyuz 30	Salyut 6
26 August 1978	Sigmund Jähn	Eberhard Köllner	GDR	Soyuz 31	Salyut 6
10 April 1979	Georgi Ivanov	Aleksandr Aleksandrov	Bulgaria	Soyuz 33	Salyut 6 (Docking failed)
26 May 1980	Bertalan Farkas	Béla Magyari	Hungary	Soyuz 36	Salyut 6
23 July 1980	Phạm Tuân	Bùi Thanh Liêm	Vietnam	Soyuz 37	Salyut 6
18 September 1980	Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez	José López Falcón	Cuba	Soyuz 38	Salyut 6
23 March 1981	Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa	Maidarjavyn Ganzorig	Mongolia	Soyuz 39	Salyut 6
14 May 1981	Dumitru Prunariu	Dumitru Dediu	Romania	Soyuz 40	Salyut 6
24 June 1982	Jean-Loup Chrétien	Patrick Baudry	France	Soyuz T-6	Salyut 7
2 April 1984	Rakesh Sharma	Ravish Malhotra	India	Soyuz T-11	Salyut 7
22 July 1987	Muhammed Ahmed Faris	Munir Habib Habib	Syria	Soyuz TM-3	Mir
7 June 1988	Aleksandr Aleksandrov	Krasimir Stoyanov	Bulgaria	Soyuz TM-5	Mir
29 August 1988	Abdul Ahad Mohmand^[12]	Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum	Afghanistan	Soyuz TM-6	Mir
26 November 1988	Jean-Loup Chrétien	Michel Tognini	France	Soyuz TM-7	Mir
2 December 1990	Toyohiro Akiyama	Ryoko Kikuchi	Japan	Soyuz TM-11	Mir
18 May 1991	Helen Sharman	Timothy Mace	United Kingdom	Soyuz TM-12	Mir
2 October 1991	Franz Viehböck	Clemens Lothaller	Austria	Soyuz TM-13	Mir

Uncrewed missions

1970 November 28 - Vertikal-1 Aeronomy/Ionosphere/Solar mission.
1971 August 20 - Vertikal-2 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1972 April 7 - Interkosmos 6 - Investigation of primary cosmic radiation and meteoritic particles in near-earth outer space.
1973 April 4 - Interkosmos 9 "Copernicus-500" - satellite of cooperation of the Polish People's Republic and Soviet Union to study the Sun and ionosphere. Orbit around 200–1550 km.
1975 June 3 - Interkosmos 14
1975 September 2 - Vertikal-3 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1976 - Re-entry Vehicle Test mission.
1976 June 19 - Interkosmos 15. Testing of new systems and components of satellite under space flight conditions.
1977 March 29 - Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.
1977 June 17 - Signe 3 - Twenty French specialists worked on the satellite.
1977 August 30 - Vertikal-5 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1977 September 24 - Interkosmos 17 - Investigation of energetic charged and neutral particles and micrometeorite fluxes in circumterrestrial space.
1977 October 25 - Vertikal-6 Ionosphere/Solar mission?.
1978 October 24 - Interkosmos 18 - Conduct of complex investigations on the interaction between the magnetosphere and ionosphere of the earth. Cooperation with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, the Polish People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania.
1978 October 24 - Magion 1 - The Czechoslovak satellite MAGION was launched into orbit by the Soviet spacecraft Interkosmos 18
1978 November 3 - Vertikal-7 Ionosphere/Solar mission
1979 February 27 - Interkosmos 19 - Cooperation with the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Polish People's Republic.
1979 September 26 - Vertikal-8 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1979 November 1 - Interkosmos 20. (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania).
1981 - Re-entry Vehicle Test mission.

1981 February 6 - Interkosmos 21 - (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania)
1981 August 7 - Interkosmos 22 "Bulgaria-1300" (People's Republic of Bulgaria).
1981 August 28 - Vertikal-9 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1981 September 21 - Oreol 3 - Developed by Soviet and French specialists under the joint Soviet-French project 'Arkad-3'.
1985 April 26 - Interkosmos 23 - Developed by scientists and specialists of the USSR and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
1986 December 18 - Kosmos 1809
1989 September 28 - Magion 2 - Magion 2 forms a part of the scientific programme of Interkosmos 24 (project Aktivnyj) Execution of the scientific programme of the 'Aktivny' project in conjunction with Interkosmos-24, permitting simultaneous spatially separating investigations of plasma processes in circumterrestrial space.
1989 September 28 - Interkosmos 24 - US participation, in cooperation with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania (the international scientific project entitled 'Aktivny'). Carrying the Czechoslovak Magion-2 satellite.
1991 December 18 - Interkosmos 25 - experiments from Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary. Comprehensive study of the effects of artificial impact of modulated electron flows and plasma beams on the ionosphere and magnetosphere of the Earth (forming part of the Apex international scientific project, conducted jointly with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.)
1991 December 28 - Magion 3 [1]
1994 March 2 - Interkosmos 26 - Conduct of comprehensive investigations of the sun under the Coronas-I international project developed by Russian and Ukrainian experiments in cooperation with specialists from Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, France, and the United Kingdom.

Films

In general, most of the films associated with programs are short TV documentaries from that era.^{[citation needed]} The two exceptions include (largely fictionalised) Interkosmos from 2006, and cooperation document from 2009 (in Polish) titled Lotnicy Kosmonauci ("Aviators-Cosmonauts").^[13]

References

^ Bergess, Colin; Vis, Bert (2015). Interkosmos - The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program. New York: Springer Praxis. p. 11. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24163-0. ISBN 978-3-319-24161-6. LCCN 2015953234.
^ Matignon, Louis de Gouyon (2019-04-05). "The Interkosmos space program". Space Legal Issues. Archived from the original on 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ "INDIAN JOINS SOVIET PAIR IN 8-DAY SPACE MISSION". The New York Times. 1984-04-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ Garthwaite, Rosie (2016-03-01). "From astronaut to refugee: how the Syrian spaceman fell to Earth". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ ^a ^b Sheehan, Michael (2007). The international politics of space. London: Routledge. pp. 59–61. ISBN 978-0-415-39917-3.
^ ^a ^b Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2008). The first Soviet cosmonaut team: their lives, legacy, and historical impact. Berlin: Springer. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-387-84823-5.
^ Wikisource:Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir#2.1.6 Shuttle-Salyut .281973-1978.3B 1980s.29
^ Pinkham, Sophie (2019-07-16). "How the Soviets Won the Space Race for Equality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ "Jyrki Laukkasesta piti tulla Suomen ensimmäinen kosmonautti – kieltäytyi kutsusta, kun siitä ei olisi ollut mitään hyötyä" (in Finnish). Yle.fi. 10 July 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^ "Jyrki Laukkanen" (in Finnish). Suomen Tietokirjailijat ry. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^ Roberts, Andrew Lawrence (2005). From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: a dictionary of Czech popular culture. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 141. ISBN 963-7326-26-X.
^ Bunch, Bryan; Hellemans, Alexander (2004). The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 679. ISBN 0-618-22123-9.
^ "FilmPolski". Filmpolski.pl. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

External links

[1] Bergess, Colin; Vis, Bert (2015). Interkosmos - The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program. New York: Springer Praxis. p. 11. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24163-0. ISBN 978-3-319-24161-6. LCCN 2015953234.

[2] Matignon, Louis de Gouyon (2019-04-05). "The Interkosmos space program". Space Legal Issues. Archived from the original on 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2021-06-08.

[3] "INDIAN JOINS SOVIET PAIR IN 8-DAY SPACE MISSION". The New York Times. 1984-04-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-08.

[4] Garthwaite, Rosie (2016-03-01). "From astronaut to refugee: how the Syrian spaceman fell to Earth". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-06-08.

[Sheehan-5] Sheehan, Michael (2007). The international politics of space. London: Routledge. pp. 59–61. ISBN 978-0-415-39917-3.

[Burgess-6] Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2008). The first Soviet cosmonaut team: their lives, legacy, and historical impact. Berlin: Springer. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-387-84823-5.

[MIRheritage-7] Wikisource:Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir#2.1.6 Shuttle-Salyut .281973-1978.3B 1980s.29

[8] Pinkham, Sophie (2019-07-16). "How the Soviets Won the Space Race for Equality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-08.

[9] "Jyrki Laukkasesta piti tulla Suomen ensimmäinen kosmonautti – kieltäytyi kutsusta, kun siitä ei olisi ollut mitään hyötyä" (in Finnish). Yle.fi. 10 July 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2020.

[10] "Jyrki Laukkanen" (in Finnish). Suomen Tietokirjailijat ry. Retrieved July 26, 2020.

[11] Roberts, Andrew Lawrence (2005). From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: a dictionary of Czech popular culture. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 141. ISBN 963-7326-26-X.

[12] Bunch, Bryan; Hellemans, Alexander (2004). The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 679. ISBN 0-618-22123-9.

[13] "FilmPolski". Filmpolski.pl. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

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