Ixodes

Ixodes; Temporal range: Cenomanian–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Ixodes ricinus, engorged
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Ixodida
Family:	Ixodidae
Genus:	Ixodes; Latreille, 1795
Type species
	Acarus ricinus; Linnaeus, 1758

Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans (tick-borne disease), and some species (notably Ixodes holocyclus) inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi^[3] responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by Ixodes are parasites from the genus Babesia, which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus Anaplasma, which cause anaplasmosis.

Species

These species are recognised within the genus Ixodes:^[4]

Ixodes abrocomae Lahille, 1917^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes acer Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[5]
Ixodes acuminatus Neumann, 1901
Ixodes acutitarsus (Karsch, 1880)
Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899^[6]
Ixodes albignaci Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes alluaudi Neumann, 1913^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes amarali Fonseca, 1935^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes amersoni Kohls, 1966^[7]
Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes andinus Kohls, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes angustus Neumann, 1899^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes antechini Roberts, 1960^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes apronophorus Schulze, 1924^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes arabukiensis Arthur, 1959^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca, 1935^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes arboricola Schulze & Schlottke, 1930^[8]
Ixodes arebiensis Arthur, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes asanumai Kitaoka, 1973
Ixodes aulacodi Arthur, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes auriculaelongae Arthur, 1958^[9]
Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904
Ixodes australiensis Neumann, 1904^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes baergi Cooley & Kohls, 1942
Ixodes bakeri Arthur & Clifford, 1961^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes banksi Bishopp, 1911^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes barkeri Barker, 2019^[10]
Ixodes bedfordi Arthur, 1959^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes bequaerti Cooley & Kohls, 1945^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes berlesei Birula, 1895
Ixodes bivari Santos Dias, 1990
Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes brewsterae Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
Ixodes browningi Arthur, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes brumpti Morel, 1965^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes brunneus Koch, 1844^[11]
Ixodes calcarhebes Arthur & Zulu, 1980
Ixodes caledonicus Nuttall, 1910
Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1849^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes capromydis Cerný, 1966
Ixodes catherinei Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
Ixodes cavipalpus Nuttall & Warburton, 1908^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes ceylonensis Kohls, 1950^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes chilensis Kohls, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes colasbelcouri Arthur, 1957^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes collocaliae Schulze, 1937^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes columnae Takada & Fujita, 1992
Ixodes conepati Cooley & Kohls, 1943^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes confusus Roberts, 1960^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes cookei Packard, 1869
Ixodes cooleyi Aragão & Fonseca, 1951^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes copei Wilson, 1980
Ixodes cordifer Neumann, 1908
Ixodes cornuae Arthur, 1960^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes cornuatus Roberts, 1960^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes corwini Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes crenulatus Koch, 1844^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes cuernavacensis Kohls & Clifford, 1966^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus Schulze, 1943
Ixodes dampfi Cooley, 1943^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes daveyi Nuttall, 1913^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes dawesi Arthur, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes dendrolagi Wilson, 1967^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes dentatus Marx, 1899^[11]
Ixodes dicei Keirans & Ajohda, 2003
Ixodes diomedeae Arthur, 1958^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes diversifossus Neumann, 1899^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes djaronensis Neumann, 1907^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes domerguei Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1965^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes downsi Kohls, 1957^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes drakensbergensis Clifford, Theiler & Baker, 1975^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes eadsi Kohls & Clifford, 1964^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes eastoni Keirans & Clifford, 1983
Ixodes eichhorni Nuttall, 1916^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes eldaricus Dzhaparidze, 1950^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes elongatus Bedford, 1929^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell, 1885^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes euplecti Arthur, 1958^[9]
Ixodes evansi Arthur, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes fecialis Warburton & Nuttall, 1909^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes festai Rondelli, 1926 ^[12]
Ixodes fossulatus Neumann, 1899^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes frontalis Panzer, 1798
Ixodes fuscipes Koch, 1844^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes galapagoensis Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1980
Ixodes ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988
Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes giluwensis Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[5]
Ixodes goliath Apanaskevich and Lemon, 2018^[13]
Ixodes granulatus Supino, 1897^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes gregsoni Lindquist, Wu & Redner, 1999
Ixodes guatemalensis Kohls, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes hearlei Gregson, 1941^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes heathi Kwak, Madden & Wicker, 2018^[14]
Ixodes heinrichi Arthur, 1962^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes hexagonus Leach, 1815
Ixodes himalayensis Dhanda & Kulkarni, 1969^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes hirsti Hassall, 1931^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, 1899^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes hoogstraali Arthur, 1955^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes howelli Cooley & Kohls, 1938^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes hyatti Clifford, Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1971^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes hydromyidis Swan, 1931^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes jacksoni Hoogstraal, 1967^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes jellisoni Cooley & Kohls, 1938
Ixodes jonesae Kohls, Sonenshine & Clifford, 1969^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes kaiseri Arthur, 1957^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes kaschmiricus Pomerantsev, 1948^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes kazakstani Olenev & Sorokoumov, 1934^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes kerguelenensis André & Colas-Belcour, 1942^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes kingi Bishopp, 1911^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes kohlsi Arthur, 1955
Ixodes kopsteini Oudemans, 1926
Ixodes kuntzi Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1965^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes laguri Olenev, 1929^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes lasallei Méndez Arocha & Ortiz, 1958^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes latus Arthur, 1958^[9]
Ixodes laysanensis Wilson, 1964
Ixodes lemuris Arthur, 1958^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes lewisi Arthur, 1965^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes lividus Koch, 1844^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes longiscutatus Boero, 1944^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes loricatus Neumann, 1899^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes loveridgei Arthur, 1958^[9]
Ixodes luciae Sénevet, 1940
Ixodes lunatus Neumann, 1907^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes luxuriosus Schulze, 1932
Ixodes macfarlanei Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
Ixodes malayensis Kohls, 1962^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes marmotae Cooley & Kohls, 1938^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes marxi Banks, 1908^[11]
Ixodes maslovi Emelyanova & Kozlovskaya, 1967
Ixodes matopi Spickett, Keirans, Norval & Clifford, 1981
Ixodes mexicanus Cooley & Kohls, 1942^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes microgalei Apanaskevich, Soarimalala & Goodman, 2013^[15]
Ixodes minor Neumann, 1902^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes minutae Arthur, 1959^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes mirzai Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[5]
Ixodes mitchelli Kohls, Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1970^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes monospinosus Saito, 1968^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes montoyanus Cooley, 1944^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes moreli Arthur, 1957
Ixodes moscharius Teng, 1982
Ixodes moschiferi Nemenz, 1968^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes muniensis Arthur & Burrow, 1957^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes muris Bishopp & Smith, 1937^[11]
Ixodes murreleti Cooley & Kohls, 1945^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes myospalacis Teng, 1986
Ixodes myotomys Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1970^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes myrmecobii Roberts, 1962^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes nairobiensis Nuttall, 1916^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes nchisiensis Arthur, 1958^[9]
Ixodes nectomys Kohls, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes neitzi Clifford, Walker & Keirans, 1977^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes nesomys Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes neuquenensis Ringuelet, 1947^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes nicolasi Santos Dias, 1982^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka & Saito, 1967^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes nitens Neumann, 1904^[16]
Ixodes nuttalli Lahille, 1913^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes nuttallianus Schulze, 1930^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes occultus Pomerantsev, 1946^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes ochotonae Gregson, 1941^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes okapiae Arthur, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes oldi Nuttall, 1913^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes ovatus Neumann, 1899
Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, 1943^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes paranaensis Barros-Battesti, Arzua, Pichorim & Keirans, 2003
Ixodes pararicinus Keirans & Clifford, in Keirans, Clifford, Guglielmone & Mangold, 1985
Ixodes pavlovskyi Pomerantsev, 1946^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes percavatus Neumann, 1906
Ixodes peromysci Augustson, 1940^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes petauristae Warburton, 1933^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes philipi Keirans & Kohls, 1970^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes pilosus Koch, 1844^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes planiscutatus Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[5]
Ixodes pomerantzi Kohls, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes pomeranzevi Serdyukova, 1941^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes priscicollaris Schulze, 1932
Ixodes procaviae Arthur & Burrow, 1957^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes prokopjevi (Emelyanova, 1979)^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes radfordi Kohls, 1948^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes rageaui Arthur, 1958^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes randrianasoloi Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes rangtangensis Teng, 1973^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes rasus Neumann, 1899^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes redikorzevi Olenev, 1927
Ixodes rhabdomysae Arthur, 1959^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ixodes rothschildi Nuttall & Warburton, 1911
Ixodes rotundatus Arthur, 1958^[9]
Ixodes rubicundus Neumann, 1904
Ixodes rubidus Neumann, 1901^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes rugicollis Schulze & Schlottke, 1930
Ixodes rugosus Bishopp, 1911^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes sachalinensis Filippova, 1971^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821
Ixodes schillingsi Neumann, 1901^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes schulzei Aragão & Fonseca, 1951^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes sculptus Neumann, 1904^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes semenovi Olenev, 1929^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes serrafreirei Amorim, Gazeta, Bossi & Linhares, 2003
Ixodes shahi Clifford, Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1971^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes siamensis Kitaoka & Suzuki, 1983^[17]^[18]
Ixodes sigelos Keirans, Clifford & Corwin, 1976^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes signatus Birula, 1895^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes simplex Neumann, 1906^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes sinaloa Kohls & Clifford, 1966^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes sinensis Teng, 1977^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes soarimalalae Apanaskevich & Goodman, 2020^[19]
Ixodes soricis Gregson, 1942^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes spinae Arthur, 1958^[9]
Ixodes spinicoxalis Neumann, 1899^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes spinipalpis Hadwen & Nuttall, 1916^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes steini Schulze, 1932^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes stellae Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020^[5]
Ixodes stilesi Neumann, 1911^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes stromi Filippova, 1957
Ixodes subterranus Filippova, 1961^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes succineus Weidner, 1964
Ixodes taglei Kohls, 1969^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tamaulipas Kohls & Clifford, 1966^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tancitarius Cooley & Kohls, 1942^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tanuki Saito, 1964^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tapirus Kohls, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tasmani Neumann, 1899^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tecpanensis Kohls, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tertiarius Scudder
Ixodes texanus Banks, 1909^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes theilerae Arthur, 1953^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes thomasae Arthur & Burrow, 1957^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tiptoni Kohls & Clifford, 1962^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tovari Cooley, 1945^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes transvaalensis Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1966^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895
Ixodes trichosuri Roberts, 1960^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes tropicalis Kohls, 1956^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes turdus Nakatsuji, 1942^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes ugandanus Neumann, 1906^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes uilenbergi Apanaskevich & Goodman, 2020^[19]
Ixodes uncus Apanaskevich & Goodman, 2020^[19]
Ixodes unicavatus Neumann, 1908
Ixodes uriae White, 1852
Ixodes vanidicus Schulze, 1943^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls, 1953
Ixodes ventalloi Gil Collado, 1936
Ixodes vespertilionis Koch, 1844
Ixodes vestitus Neumann, 1908^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes victoriensis Nuttall, 1916^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes walkerae Clifford, Kohls & Hoogstraal, 1968^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes werneri Kohls, 1950^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes woodi Bishopp, 1911
Ixodes zaglossi Kohls, 1960^{[citation needed]}
Ixodes zairensis Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
Ixodes zumpti Arthur, 1960^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Valeria Castilho Onofrio; Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti; Marcelo Bahia Labruna; João Luiz Horácio Faccini (2009). "Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil". Systematic Parasitology. 72 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1007/s11230-008-9169-z. PMID 19115087. S2CID 19483827.
^ Deane Philip Furman; Edmond C. Loomis (1984). "Genus Ixodes Latreille". The Ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey. Vol. 25. University of California Press. pp. 47–77. ISBN 978-0-520-09685-1.
^ Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-7817-8215-9.
^ Jim Amrine. "Ixodidae C.L.Koch, 1844". Catalog of the Acari. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 2004-03-14. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Schenk, John J. (2020). "Description of five new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. luxuriosus Schulze, 1935, I. steini Schulze, 1935 and I. zaglossi Kohls, 1960, parasites of marsupials, rodents and echidnas in New Guinea Island". Systematic Parasitology. 97 (3): 223–266. doi:10.1007/s11230-020-09909-5. PMID 32328810. S2CID 216085891.
^ "Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899". www.gbif.org.
^ Kohls, GM (April 1966). "A new sea bird tick, Ixodes amersoni, from Phoenix Island (Acarina: Ixodidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 3 (1): 38–40. doi:10.1093/jmedent/3.1.38. PMID 5941563.
^ "Ixodes arboricola Schulze & Schlottke, 1930". www.gbif.org.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Arthur, Don Ramsay (1958). "New species of Ixodes ticks from eastern Africa, with a description of the male and nymph of Ixodes oldi Nuttall, 1913". Parasitology. 48 (1–2): 38–69. doi:10.1017/S0031182000021053.
^ Barker, Dayana (2019). "Ixodes barkeri n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from the short-beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, with a revised key to the male Ixodes of Australia, and list of the subgenera and species of Ixodes known to occur in Australia". Zootaxa. 4658 (2): 331–342. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4658.2.7. PMID 31716747. S2CID 202031409.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Keirans, James E.; Lacombe, Eleanor H. (1998). "First Records of Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes (Ixodes) dentatus, and Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) from Maine". The Journal of Parasitology. 84 (3). [The American Society of Parasitologists, Allen Press]: 629–631. JSTOR 3284739. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
^ Contini, C.; Palmas, C.; Seu, V.; Stancampiano, L.; Usai, F. (2011). "Redescription of the male of Ixodes festai Rondelli, 1926 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) on specimens from Sardinia (Italy)". Parasite. 18 (3): 235–240. doi:10.1051/parasite/2011183235. PMC 3671470. PMID 21894264.
^ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Lemon, Howard E. (2018). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. priscicollaris Schulze, 1932, parasites of New Guinea rodents (Rodentia: Muridae)". Systematic Parasitology. 95 (4): 373–382. doi:10.1007/s11230-018-9786-0. PMID 29536248. S2CID 4504691. Ixodes goliath n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), is described based on females collected from the eastern hyomys, Hyomys goliath (Milne-Edwards) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua New Guinea.
^ Kwak, M. L.; Madden, C.; Wicker, L. (2018). "Ixodes heathi n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a co-endangered tick from the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus), with notes on its biology and conservation". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 76 (3): 413–419. doi:10.1007/s10493-018-0312-5. PMID 30302626. S2CID 52945250. A new species of co-endangered tick, Ixodes heathi n. sp., is described from specimens of the nymph collected on the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus Broom) from the alpine region of Victoria, Australia. Its biology is discussed along with strategies for its conservation.
^ Apanaskevich, D. A.; Soarimalala, V.; Goodman, S. M. (2013). "A new Ixodes species (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of shrew tenrecs (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) in Madagascar". Journal of Parasitology. 99 (6): 970–972. doi:10.1645/13-306.1. PMC 4833386. PMID 23901784.
^ Andrei Daniel Mihalca; Călin Mircea Gherman & Vasile Cozma (2011). "Coendangered hard-ticks: threatened or threatening?". Parasites & Vectors. 4: 71. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-71. PMC 3114005. PMID 21554736.
^ Kitaoka, Shigeo; Suzuki, Hiroshi (1983). "Studies on the Parasite Fauna of Thailand: 5. Parasitic ticks on mammals and description of Ixodes siamensis sp. n. and Rhipicephalus tetracornus sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae)". Tropical Medicine. 25 (4): 205–219. hdl:10069/4366. Ixodes siamensis sp. n. is the second species of the subgenus Paltipalpiger.
^ Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Robbins, Richard G.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Petney, Trevor N.; Estrada-Peña, Agustín; Horak, Ivan G. (2009). "Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 48 (4): 311–327. doi:10.1007/s10493-009-9246-2. hdl:2263/13757. PMID 19169832. S2CID 29053875. We consider the following 40 names valid…Ixodes siamensis Kitaoka and Suzuki, 1983.
^ ^a ^b ^c Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Goodman, Steven M. (2020). "Description of three new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasites of tenrecs (Afrotheria: Tenrecidae) on Madagascar". Systematic Parasitology. 97 (6): 623–637. doi:10.1007/s11230-020-09944-2. PMID 33150511. S2CID 226258587.