Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Kuda-gitsune

"Kudagitsune" from the Shōzan chomon kishū by Miyoshi Shōzan
—2007 facsimile from the Hōsa Library, Nagoya copy of the Kaei 3/1850 edition[1][a]
"Kudagitsune" from the Kasshi yawa [ja].
From the caption, its length without the tail is calculable to "1 shaku and 2 or 3 sun (approx. 1.2–1.3 feet).[b][c]

The kuda-gitsune or kuda-kitsune (管狐, クダ狐), also pronounced kanko, is a type of spirit possession in legends around various parts of Japan. It may be known otherwise as osaki especially in the Kantō region, and also considered equivalent to the izuna.

It was believed to assume the guise of a small mammal and able to fit inside a pipe or bamboo tube, but normally only its keeper or user (kitsune-tsukai) was able to see it. The user, through the power of the kuda, was believed capable of divulging a person's past or foretelling his future; this soothsayer was also capable of performing curses, bringing calamity upon targets. In regions where the superstition was held, a prospering household could be accused of achieving its prosperity because it was a house possessed by the spirit (kuda-tsuki). The fox (and its analogues by other names) was said to multiply in number each time a marriage took place, following the bride to her place of marriage, thus disseminating into more households.

Nomenclature

The kuda-gitsune or kuda-kitsune (管狐, クダ狐), which in Chinese fashion (onyomi) can also be read as kanko (old romanization kwanko), derives its name from being small enough to fit inside a tube, according to one explanation.[4][5][6][7] It may also have earned its name due to its tail resembling a tube spliced in two.[8] Folklorist Yanagita Kunio conjectured that the kuda alluded to a god's descent (verb: kudaru) from the mountain, this god Ta-no-Kami ("rice paddy god") being roughly equated with the Yama-no-Kami or "mountain god".[9][10]

Aliases

The izuna (飯綱) is a kindred sort of spirit, employed by the "fox-user" or kitsune-tsukai (狐遣い),[d][13] (although in modern standard Japanese, the word is pronounced īzuna and denotes the least weasel).

The osaki fox is also identified as an equivalent spirit employed by the "fox-user" (kitsune tsukai).[13]

According to one summarization, the term kuda-gitsune (クダ狐) is prevalent in the Central region (Chūbu region[e]), whereas the appellation izuna tends to be used in north-central Nagano and the northeast (Tōhoku), and osaki in the northern Kantō region.[14]

Geography

The kuda-gitsune lore has traditionally been found in Shinano Province (present-day Nagano Prefecture, in the northern Central Region)[f][8][2] and has been associated with the Iizuna gongen [ja], the deity of Mount Iizuna in the area of Togakushi[15][16] or the Iizuna or Izuna ritual[17] (Izuna no hō (飯綱の法), practiced in shugendō[18]) based on its worship (cf. §Izuna below).

The kuda-gitsune also occurred in the folk-belief of more southerly portions of the Central Region known as the Tōkai subregion, namely Mikawa (in present-day Aichi) and Tōtomi Provinces (present-day Shizuoka Prefecture).[4][19] It also forms part of the folklore in the southern Kantō region, Tōhoku region, and elsewhere.[20] There are no legends of kuda-gitsune in Kantō besides the Chiba Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture, and this is said to be because Kantō is the domain of the osaki fox tradition.[21]

Despite the localizations above, the ability of using the kanko/kudagitsune is purportedly obtained by trained yamabushi (the ascetics of shugendō) at their holiest sites, either Mount Kinpu or Mount Ōmine (in present-day Nara Prefecture), according to Asakawa Zen'an [ja] who wrote the essay Zen'an zuihitsu.[g][19]

General description

According to some sources the kuda-gitsune ("pipe fox" or "tube fox") is kept inside a bamboo tube, especially by the yamabushi.[19] The fox in the bamboo tube may be summoned by reciting a magical incantation, and be made to answer any questions asked.[4] Alternatively it is said that fox user (kitsune-tsukai) keeps the tamed kuda fox spirit in the bosom of his garment ("pocket") or up his sleeve, and the creature collects assorted information which it whispers to its master's ear, so that the practitioner of the art may then reveal another's history, or predict another's future. The spirit remains invisible, and can be only seen by the user.[8][4]

As for its size, the Edo Period essay collection Kasshi yawa [ja] (1841) by Matsura Seizan has an entry on the kuda-gitsune,[19][22] including an illustration (above) of the fox said to have been brought from a bucolic area in Osaka and exhibited[h] in Edo in the year Bunsei 5 (1822),[i][23] reporting the full length of the specimen (excluding the tail) at 1.2–1.3 shaku (36–39 cm).[c][19][23] Yanagita Kunio was of the opinion however that this size represented the largest of this kind, as smaller ones were about the size of a polecat (itachi, <30 cm?).[j][23]

Other sources have described the smallness of the kuda-gitsune by comparing it to the size of a house mouse,[8][k] or the size of a matchbox.[25]

The Shōzan chomon kishū (想山著聞奇集) (1850) also provided visual illustration of a specific anecdotal example,[l] which reportedly had a catlike face, otter-like body, gray-colored fur, and was about the size of a squirrel, with a thick tail.[3][2][23]

And according to Asakawa Zen'an [ja]'s essay collection Zen'an zuihitsu (善庵随筆) (pub. 1850), the kanko/kuda-gitsune is about the size of a weasel (itachi)[28] with vertical eyes, but otherwise the same as a feral rat (or perhaps rather the yako), except its thick fur is not all matted/dissheveled.[m][4][30][31][32]

Izuna

An izuna is a fox servant, employed by certain "sorcerers" called izuna-tsukai (izuna users) in the Shinano Region (Nagano Prefecture);[33] these familiars may also be employed by other psychic type religious or spiritual professionals in Niigata Prefecture and other parts of the Northeast, as well as in the Chūbu region,[34] and those who profess to have special powers claim to perform clairvoyancy with the use of the izuna.[34] The sorcerer was also believed capable of harming his client's enemies using the izuna, causing them to become possessed or to fall ill.[34]

The izuna is considered by some believers to be a servant of the deity called the Izuna gongen [ja] or Īzuna gongen, typically represented as a tengu standing on a white fox.[34][15] Therefore, the sorcerer (izuna-tsukai) sometimes may be a worshipper of this particular gongen deity, however, that is not always the case.[35]

Kitsune-tsuki

Sometimes it is told to be a type of kitsune-tsuki [ja] (possession by a kitsune "fox") and depending on the region, a household that has a kuda-gitsune occupying it are labeled as "kuda-mochi" ( "kuda"-haver),[36][37][38] "kuda-ya" ("kuda"-proprietor),[7][39] "kuda-tsukai" ("kuda"-user),[7] etc., and become stigmatized. [40]

Such a family, though they main amass wealth is seen to have achieved it by striking fear among others by its fox-using, and marriage with a fox-user household was shunned by the rest.[41] The kuda-gitsune were allegedly commanded by its master to raid other families' homes and steal their possessions, and in this way the master's family grows wealthy―or at least in the beginning. Since the kuda-gitsune multiplies until their number grows to 75, the large pack of foxes eat away at the family's wealth, bringing about their downfall.[25][7]

As for the foxes quickly multiplying to 75, it is also said that every time a bride from a kuda or osaki-haunted household goes off to be married, she is said to bring 75 of the kuda minions along with her into the new household. This piece of folklore was perhaps invented as a convenient explanation as to why so many families came to be accused of being fox-owners, as time went by.[42][n]

The kuda-tsuki is spiritual possession much like the hebi-tsuki (serpent-possession), inugami-tsuki (hound deity), or even tanuki-tsuki (racoon dog) of other communities, and ultimately derive from serpent-god worship, according to geography and history scholar Shōjirō Kobayashi.[44]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Cf. 1903 facsimile[2] and original woodcut [1] from the Waseda University copy of the 1850 edition.[3]
  2. ^ "Body 1 shaku and 2 [or] 3 sun" (Japanese: 体一尺二三寸) according to Yanagita.
  3. ^ a b Yanagita[23] gives a measurement not directly in the original text, but one which matches the calculated difference: the original text gives "[Kono] kitsune hana no saki yori o no sue made 1shaku 9 sun-yo, o no nagasa bakari 6 sun 5 ho hodo, mi[no] takasa se no tokoro 8 sun 5 ho hodo, hara no mawari 9 sun 2 ho (兒狐鼻の先より尾の末迄一尺九寸餘尾の長さばかり六寸五歩ほど身高さ背のところ八寸五歩ほど腹の廻り九寸二歩ほど)"[19] thus giving full length at 1.9+ shaku, the tail length at about 0.65 shaku, height at tail 0.85 shaku, and girth around belly 0.92 shaku. Here "1歩 (1 bu)" has been taken to mean "1分 (1 bu)", or 1/100 shaku.
  4. ^ Some commentators interpret -tsukai to mean "user/practitioner (of magic, or a familiar/servant animal)", while others interpret the wort to mean the "art" or the "magic". Inoue's original text reads "世に狐使いと称するものは.." would could easily be translate as "Those in the world who call themselves fox-user", following the "user" interpretation, but de Visser restated it in English as "Those who practice the so-called kitsune-tsukai,[4] choosing the other interpretation. De Visser later mentions the "employment of foxes",[4] supposedly as his rendering of kitsune-tsukai. A more modern scholar also glosses kitsune-tsukai as "fox-using", yet his use of the term in the instance: "The practices by which kitsune-tsukai are reported to gain their vulpine familiars"[11] clearly points to a person. Casal commenting on the kuda does construe the kitsune-tsukai as the person engaging in the fox magic, but adding to the confusion, renders it as "fox-messenger or fox-assistant",[12] because it is possible to interpret tsukai as either the user, or the used (i.e., the errand-boy, servant, etc.)
  5. ^ Including Nagano, Aichi, Shizuoka prefectures, cf. §Geography below
  6. ^ Skeptic scholar Inoue Enryō in his Yōkaigaku Kōgi (妖怪學講義), quotes a newspaper article (which he wrote) in the Dai-nihon kyōiku shinbun. Inoue gives the location as Ina in Shinano Province.[8] Also, the Edo Period work Shōzan chomon kishū (cf. infra) gave and entry on the kuda-gitsune of Shinshū (Shinano Province).[2]
  7. ^ Matsura Seizan's Kasshi yawa (multi-volume, completed 1841) mentioned Zen'an in the illustrated entry about kuda-gitsune, whereas the Zen'an zuihitsu (cf. infra) was not printed until Kaei 2 (1850).
  8. ^ The illustrated figure is entitled Okuramae misemono no zu (御蔵前みせものの図) indicating it was a misemono(exhibit) held at Kuramae [ja], or the front of the government rice warehouse in Asakusa.
  9. ^ Yanagita redacted as Bunsei 5 nen no 5 gatsu (「文政五年の五月」, 5th month of Bunsei), but the original drawing caption Bunsei 5 nen no shōgatsu (「壬午の正月末」, New (1st) month of jingo). The jingo is the correct 60 year cycle designation for this year, a combination of the "elder water" stem of the 10 Heavenly Stems and the "horse" zodiac of the 12 Earthly Branches.
  10. ^ Note that the Kashi yawa refers to a different specimen measuring "somewhat larger than a polecat/itachi (鼬よりやゝ大きく)", but this is taken from Asakawa Zen'an, who was shown hides from the specimen allegedly surgically extracted by a doctor (cf. infra).[19]
  11. ^ Note that Inoue Enryō wrote the entry for osaki-gitsune in an encyclopedia, describing it as "white colored, about the size of a house mouse ("色白く、大きさは二十日鼠ほどなり").[24]
  12. ^ One purportedly killed during the Kyōwa era (1801–4) at Matsushima station, Ina-gun [ja], Shinano Province (today's Nagano Prefecture). The eradicator was a physician named Agata Dōgen (縣道玄) .
  13. ^ The original text regarding the fur reads "毛は扶疎として蒙戎たらざるなり (the hair/fur is lush and luxuriant [as tree branches outspread], but are not messed/dissheveled/disorderly )", even though de Visser gives "hair is thinner".
  14. ^ A similar tradition about bringing 75 minions is attached to the gedō [ja] of Shimane Prefecture and the tōbyō [ja] of Hiroshima and Tottori Prefecture, as Yanagita has pointed out.[43]

References

Citations
  1. ^ Tanaka, Satoshi [in Japanese] (2007). Edo no yōkai jikenbo 江戸の妖怪事件簿 (in Japanese). Shueisha. p. 107. ISBN 978-4-08-720398-1.
  2. ^ a b c d Miyoshi, Shōzan (1903), "Shōzan chomon kishū kan-no-4: Shinshū nite kuda to iu kaijū wo sashikoroshitaru koto" 想山著聞奇集巻之4 信州にてくだと云怪獣を刺殺たる事, in Tayama, Katai; Yanagita, Kunio (eds.), Kinsei kidan zenshū 近世奇談全集 (in Japanese), Hakubunkan
  3. ^ a b Miyoshi, Shōzan (1850), "Shinshū nite kuda to iu kaijū wo sashikoroshitaru koto ari" 信州にてくだと云怪獣（くわいじう）を刺殺（さしころし）たる事有り, Shōzan chomon kishū kan-no-4 想山著聞竒集 巻之4 (in Japanese), Aoyama Naomoto, pp. 22v–25a
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i de Visser, M. W. (1908). "The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 36 (3): 92, 122–124.
  5. ^ Casal (1959), p. 25.
  6. ^ Fairchild (1962), pp. 96.
  7. ^ a b c d Ishizuka (1959), pp. 28–34
  8. ^ a b c d e Inoue (1896), pp. 193–194.
  9. ^ Fairchild (1962), pp. 38, 66.
  10. ^ Yanagita, Kunio (1964a), "Kitsune shinkō no koto" 狐信仰のこと, Teihon Yanagita Kunio shū 定本柳田國男集 (in Japanese), vol. Suppl. 3, Chikuma shobo, pp. 49–102, 103–106; e-text
  11. ^ Bathgate (2004), pp. 143, index.
  12. ^ Casal (1959), pp. 43, 74.
  13. ^ a b Inoue (1896), p. 228.
  14. ^ Fukuda, Kanda & Shintani (2006), p. 365.
  15. ^ a b Faure, Bernard (2015). Protectors and Predators: Gods of Medieval Japan. Vol. 2. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 159–160, 395. ISBN 9780824857721.
  16. ^ Shaw, Glenn W. (1929). "Issa and Nojiri: a Old Poet and Lotus-Leaf Lake in the Pinnacled Top of Japan". Present Day Nippon: Annual English Supplement of the Asahi, Osaka and Tokyo. Asahi Publishing Company: 75–76, 94.
  17. ^ Faure, Bernard (2021). Rage and Ravage: Gods of Medieval Japan. Vol. 3. University of Hawaii Press. p. 389, n39. ISBN 9780824889364.
  18. ^ Ōno, Susumu (1990). "飯綱の法" "Izuna no hō" 飯綱の法. Iwanami kogo jiten 岩波古語辞典〔補訂版〕 (in Japanese) (5 ed.). Iwanami shoten. p. 22. ISBN 9784000800730. 【飯綱の法】《信濃国飯綱山の修験者が始めたのでいう管狐( % )を使って行なう妖術。
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Matsura, Seizan (1910). "Kan 1 (*) Kitsune no shurui ni kudagitsune to iu isshu no mono.." 巻一　〇狐の種類にくだ狐と云ふ一種のもの... Kasshi yawa 甲子夜話 (in Japanese). Vol. I. Kokusho kankōkai. pp. 136–137.
  20. ^ Ishizuka (1959), pp. 22–23.
  21. ^ Ishizuka (1959), pp. 28–34.
  22. ^ Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Kudagitsune" 管狐. Kōbunko 廣文庫 (in Japanese). Vol. 6. pp. 149–150.
  23. ^ a b c d e Yanagita (1964b), p. 61.
  24. ^ Inoue, Enryō (1908). "wosakigitsune" をさきぎつね. Nihon hyakka daijiten 日本百科大辭典 (in Japanese). Vol. 10. Sanseidō shoten. p. 610.
  25. ^ a b Miyamoto, Kesao [in Japanese]; et al. (Musashi University) (1980). "Kuda-gitsune" クダギツネ. In Sakurai, Tokutarō [in Japanese] (ed.). Minkan shinkō jiten 民間信仰辞典 (in Japanese). Tokyodo Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-490-10137-9.
  26. ^ a b Asakawa, Zen'an [in Japanese] (1905) [1892]. "Zen'an zuihitsu: Shinano no Iizuna gongen" 善庵随筆：信濃の飯綱権現. Hyakka setsurin 百家説林 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. p. 674. たゞ批狐は別の一種にて。此方に云ふ管狐の樣なれど。似猫而黑とあれば。亦自一種なり。管狐は大さ鼬鼠ほど
  27. ^ Kaneko (1975), p. 36.
  28. ^ The original text gives 鼬鼠[26] and even though Visser parses this into "same size as weasels or rats",[4] in fact 鼬鼠 is an alternate way to write itachi (instead of just 鼬), and Kaneko reads this passage as just itachi (weasel)[27] with no "rat" mentioned.
  29. ^ Asakawa, Zen'an [in Japanese] (1891). "Zen'an zuihitsu: Shinano no Iizuna gongen" 善庵随筆：信濃の飯綱権現. In Imaizumi, Sadasuke [in Japanese]; Hatakeyama, Takeshi [in Japanese] (eds.). Hyakka setsurin 百家説林 (in Japanese). Vol. 3. Yoshikawa Hanshichi. pp. 61–65.
  30. ^ Zen'an zuihitsu, selection, in the anthology Hyakka setsurin.[29][26] The 1892 edition was consulted by de Visser.[4]
  31. ^ Inoue (1897), §36.
  32. ^ Ishizuka (1959), p. 32.
  33. ^ Casal (1959), p. 22.
  34. ^ a b c d Fukuda, Kanda & Shintani (2006), p. 40.
  35. ^ Yanagita (1964b), p. 103.
  36. ^ Yanagita (1964b), p. 105.
  37. ^ Inoue (1896), p. 122.
  38. ^ Bathgate (2004), p. 122.
  39. ^ Smyers (1993), p. 222.
  40. ^ Yanagita (1964b), p. 70.
  41. ^ Casal (1959), pp. 20–21.
  42. ^ Yanagita (1964b), pp. 105–106.
  43. ^ Yanagita (1964b), p. 79.
  44. ^ Kobayashi, Shōjirō (1905). "Honpō shinwa zokuden ni arawaretaru dōbutsu sūhai no ichirei" 本邦神話俗傳に見はれたる動物崇拜の一例. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Tōkyō (in Japanese). 21 (237): 108–109.
Bibliography

Read other articles:

北広島町

この項目では広島県の北広島町について説明しています。北海道の「北広島市」とは異なります。 画像提供依頼：鳴滝の画像提供をお願いします。（2021年10月） きたひろしまちょう 北広島町 壬生の花田植（無形文化遺産） 北広島町旗2005年10月20日制定 北広島町章2005年10月20日制定 国 日本地方 中国地方、山陽地方中国・四国地方都道府県 広島県郡 山県郡市町村コ...

 

Sofía dari Spanyol

Sofía dari SpanyolPermaisuri Raja SpanyolPeriode22 November 1975 – 19 Juni 2014Informasi pribadiKelahiran2 November 1938 (umur 85) Athena, YunaniWangsaGlücksburgNama lengkapSophia Margaret Victoria FredericaAyahRaja Paulus dari YunaniIbuPermaisuri Frederica dari HannoverPasanganJuan Carlos I dari SpanyolAnakInfanta ElenaInfanta CristinaRaja Felipe VI dari SpanyolAgamaKatolik Roma Sophia Margaret Victoria Frederica adalah permaisuri Raja Juan Carlos I dari Spanyol sejak 22 November 19...

 

Град обреченный (картина)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Град обреченный. Николай Рерих Град обреченный. 1914 холст, масло. 43 × 66 см Музей Николая Рериха, Нью-Йорк, США Град обрече́нный[Комм. 1] — картина Николая Рериха, написанная им в 1914 году. Содержание 1 Описани�...

ليستير كاساي

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) ليستير كاساي معلومات شخصية الميلاد 12 أغسطس 1966 (57 سنة)  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الحياة العملية المهنة متزلج لوحي  الرياضة تزلج لوحي  بلد الرياضة ال�...

 

Taizhou, Zhejiang

Untuk kota tingkat prefektur Taizhou (泰州) di provinsi Jiangsu, lihat Taizhou, Jiangsu. Taizhou 台州市Kota tingkat prefekturPemandangan TaizhouLetak Kota Taizhou di ZhejiangNegaraRepublik Rakyat TiongkokProvinsiZhejiangDivisi tingkat kabupaten9Pemerintahan • Sekretaris PKTWu Weirong (吴蔚荣) • Wali kotaZhang Bing (张 兵)Luas • Luas daratan9.411 km2 (3,634 sq mi) • Luas perkotaan1.536 km2 (593 sq mi) ...

 

SDN Jatinegara 01 Pagi

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. SDN Jatinegara 01 PagiSekolah Dasar Negeri Jatinegara 01 PagiInformasiJenisNegeriNomor Statistik Sekolah101016406101Nomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20104168Jumlah siswa505 2010StatusAktifAlamatLokasiJl. Swadaya Iv, Jakarta Timur, DKI Jakarta, Indones...

Chollima

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Chollima (disambiguasi). Chollima Gambar Chollima Nama Tionghoa Hanzi tradisional: 千里馬 Hanzi sederhana: 千里马 Makna harfiah: Kuda seribu li Alih aksara Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Qiānlǐmǎ - Wade-Giles: Ch'ien1-li3-ma3 Nama Jepang Kanji: 千里馬 Kana: チョンリマ Alih aksara - Romaji: Chonrima Nama Korea Chosŏn'gŭl: 천리마 Hancha: 千里馬 Alih aksara - McCune-Reischauer: Ch'ŏllima - Romanisasi: Cheollima Chollima (juga Qianlima, Senrima, atau...

 

Leo Karasumaru

Leo Karasumaru adalah seorang martir Katolik Jepang. Ia adalah adik dari Santo Paulus Ibaraki dan paman dari Santo Louis Ibaraki. Ia memberikan sumbangan besar kepada OFM dalam membangun gereja dan mengelola rumah sakit. Ia juga merupakan seorang katekis.[1] Referensi ^ https://katakombe.org/para-kudus/martir-grup/26-martir-nagasaki.html Artikel bertopik biografi Jepang ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs

 

三木内閣 (改造)

三木改造内閣 内閣総理大臣 第66代 三木武夫成立年月日 1976年（昭和51年）9月15日終了年月日 同年12月24日与党・支持基盤 自由民主党施行した選挙 第34回衆議院議員総選挙内閣閣僚名簿（首相官邸）テンプレートを表示 三木改造内閣（みきかいぞうないかく）は、三木武夫が第66代内閣総理大臣に任命され、1976年（昭和51年）9月15日から同年12月24日まで続いた日本の内閣�...

Rock Upon A Time

Rock Upon A TimeAlbum studio karya Saint LocoDirilis26 Desember 2004Genrenu metal, rapcore, Hard rockDurasi41:03LabelSony Music Entertainment IndonesiaKronologi Saint Loco Rock Upon A Time (2005) Vision For Transition (2006)Vision For Transition2006 Rock Upon A Time merupakan album musik pertama karya Saint Loco. Dirilis pada tahun 2004. Lagu utamanya ialah Microphone Anthem dan Hip Rock. Saint Loco terdiri dari Iwan (gitar), Gilbert (bass), Nyonk (drum), Tius (spinner), Joe (vokal), dan ...

 

List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders

Addie Joss, the all-time leader in career WHIP. In baseball statistics, walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) is a sabermetric measurement of the number of baserunners a pitcher has allowed per inning pitched. WHIP reflects a pitcher's propensity for allowing batters to reach base, therefore a lower WHIP indicates better performance. WHIP is calculated by adding the number of walks and hits allowed and dividing this sum by the number of innings pitched. Below is the list of the top 100 Ma...

 

Floyd Mayweather Jr.

American boxer and boxing promoter (born 1977) Floyd Mayweather redirects here. For his father, see Floyd Mayweather Sr. Floyd Mayweather Jr.Mayweather in 2011BornFloyd Joy Sinclair (1977-02-24) February 24, 1977 (age 46)Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.Other names Money Pretty Boy TBE (The Best Ever) StatisticsWeight(s) Super featherweight Lightweight Light welterweight Welterweight Light middleweight Height5 ft 8 in (173 cm)[1]Reach72 in (183 cm)[1&...

Дніпропетровська обласна бібліотека для молоді імені М. Свєтлова

Дніпропетровська обласна бібліотека для молоді імені М. Свєтлова 48°28′05″ пн. ш. 35°01′44″ сх. д. / 48.468207400027772280° пн. ш. 35.02892050002777324° сх. д. / 48.468207400027772280; 35.02892050002777324Координати: 48°28′05″ пн. ш. 35°01′44″ сх. д. / 48.468207400027772280° пн....

 

NorthPark Center

Shopping mall in Texas, United StatesNorthPark CenterLocationDallas, Texas, United StatesCoordinates32°52′7″N 96°46′24″W / 32.86861°N 96.77333°W / 32.86861; -96.77333Address8687 North Central ExpresswayOpening date1965[1]DeveloperNorthPark Development CompanyManagementNorthPark Management CompanyOwnerNorthPark Development CompanyArchitectOmniplanNo. of stores and services221[2]No. of anchor tenants6Total retail floor area2,000,000 sq...

 

Chloral hydrate

Chemical sedative and hypnotic drug Chloral hydrate Names Preferred IUPAC name 2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diol Other names Trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrateTradenames: Aquachloral, Chloradorm, Chloratol,[1] Novo-Chlorhydrate, Somnos, Noctec, Somnote Identifiers CAS Number 302-17-0 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 1698497 ChEBI CHEBI:28142 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL455917 Y ChemSpider 2606 Y DrugBank DB01563 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.005.562 EC Number 206...

Sejarah Muhammadiyah di Kota Salatiga

Salah satu faktor utama pendirian Muhammadiyah di Kota Salatiga adalah kebijakan pemerintah Hindia Belanda yang menciptakan kelas sosial di dalam masyarakat Jawa (Rohman 2019, hlm. 17). Muhammadiyah terbentuk di Kota Salatiga dalam rangka merespon kondisi sosial-politik umat Islam akibat kebijakan pemerintah Hindia Belanda yang menciptakan kelas sosial di dalam masyarakat Jawa. Saat itu, orang-orang kulit putih (khususnya Belanda) memiliki kedudukan paling tinggi, kedudukan kedua ditempa...

 

Hurts discography

Hurts discographyTheo Hutchcraft of Hurts performing in June 2010Studio albums5Music videos23EPs1Singles23 English synth-pop duo Hurts have released five studio albums, one extended play, 23 singles (including one as a featured artist), one promotional single and 23 music videos. Originally formed as the Daggers, the band eventually reformed and changed their name to Hurts prior to being signed to Major Label and RCA Records in July 2009.[1] Studio albums List of studio albums, with s...

 

Shikisai Moment

2005 studio album by An CafeShikisai MomentStudio album by An CafeReleasedNovember 9, 2005GenreRockLength51:17LabelLoop AshAn Cafe chronology Amedama Rock(2005) Shikisai Moment(2005) Magnya Carta(2006) Shikisai Moment (色彩モーメント, shikisai mōmento) is the first full-length studio album released by An Cafe on November 9, 2005. The album peaked at No. 39 on the Japanese albums chart.[1] Track listing All lyrics are written by MikuDisc one (CD)No.TitleLyricsMusicLengt...

العلاقات المصرية الهندية

العلاقات الهندية المصرية     الهند   مصر تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الهندية المصرية تشير إلى العلاقات الخارجية بين الهند ومصر. تُمثل كل من مصر والهند قوة الدفع الرئيسية لحركة عدم الانحياز، كما أنهما يمثلان القاعدة الرئيسية لمجموعة الـ 15، وهي مجموعة الدول ...

 

Добровольський Ігор Іванович

У Вікіпедії є статті про інших людей із прізвищем Добровольський. Ігор Добровольський Особисті дані Повне ім'я Ігор Іванович Добровольський Народження 27 серпня 1967(1967-08-27) (56 років)   Марківка, УРСР Зріст 178 см Вага 68 кг Громадянство  СРСР Росія СНД Позиція півз�...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya