Mona Passage

Mona Passage
Mona Passage
Canal de la Mona
	Location of the Mona Passage.
	Mona Passage
Coordinates	18°30′N 67°53′W / 18.500°N 67.883°W
Basin countries	Puerto Rico (United States); Dominican Republic

The Mona Passage (Spanish: Canal de la Mona) is a strait that separates the islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. The Mona Passage connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Sea and is an important shipping route between the Atlantic and the Panama Canal.

The Mona Passage is 80 miles (130 kilometers) long. It is fraught with variable tidal currents created by large islands on either side of it, and by sand banks that extend out from both coasts.

Islands

There are three small islands in the Mona Passage:

Mona Island lies close to the middle of the Mona Passage.
Three miles (Five kilometers) northwest of Mona Island is the much smaller Monito Island.
Thirty miles (Fifty kilometers) northeast of Mona Island and much closer (13 mi/21 km) to the Puerto Rican mainland is Desecheo Island.

Structure and seismicity

The Passage was the site of a devastating earthquake and resulting tsunami that hit western Puerto Rico in 1918.^[1] It is the site of frequent small earthquakes. The passage is underlain by a seismically active rift zone that overprints an older partly eroded tilted-block structure.^[1] Desecheo Island sits on the Desecheo ridge, a narrow east–west ridge that extends west from the northwest corner of Puerto Rico. The ridge forms the southern boundary of the 13,123 ft (4,000 m) deep Mona Canyon which extends toward the north into the Puerto Rico Trench. The east face of the rift has a sharp relief of 3 km and is controlled by the N - S trending Mona Rift Fault. The epicenter of the 1918 earthquake was located along the east or southeast edge of the Mona Rift.^[2]

Physical oceanography

The Mona Passage connects the Atlantic Ocean waters and Caribbean Sea waters, above a sill depth of 1,312 to 1,640 feet (400 to 500 meters). The sill runs along a northwest to the southeast direction between Cabo Engaño in Hispaniola in the west and the Cabo Rojo Shelf in Puerto Rico to the east margin of the Mona Passage. The vertical profile of the low-frequency (periods longer than 2 days) mean meridional water transport is characterized by a two-layer structure. The upper layer lies above a depth of 984 feet (300 meters), with the upper water masses, the Caribbean Surface Water, Subtropical Underwater and Sargasso Sea Water entering the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Below this layer, the Tropical Central Water exits toward the Atlantic Ocean. The mean value for the meridional (North-South) transport for a sampled year was -1.85 ± 0.25 sverdrup (Sv) into the Caribbean Sea.^[3]

The barotropic tide (surface tide) propagates from northeast to southwest along Mona Passage. The "principal lunar semi-diurnal" constituent, also known as the M2 (or M₂) accounts for 52.35% of the total variance observed in the ocean currents and the semidiurnal current ellipses, with a clockwise rotation, are roughly aligned in a north–south direction.^[4]

Semidiurnal tidal currents impinging on a submarine ridge known as El Pichincho can force the generation of an internal tide with a wave height of 131 feet (40 meters).^[5] Underwater glider observations reveal wave damping as the internal tide propagates south along the Mona Passage towards the open Caribbean Sea.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Internal tides at El Pichincho can elevate the turbulent vertical diffusivity values (or Eddy diffusion), and with a reduction of the Richardson number at the base of the pycnocline. The development of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability during the breaking of the internal tide can explain the formation of high diffusivity patches that generate a vertical flux of nitrate (NO₃⁻) into the photic zone and can sustain new production locally.^[9]

Higher values of primary productivity were observed near the wave trough, than those observed during periods of maximum solar irradiance at noon.

Images from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and International Space Station (ISS) photography show the sea-surface manifestation of packets of internal solitons (or nonlinear internal waves) generated at Banco Engaño, located at the northwest margin of the Mona Passage.^[10]^[11]

The packets propagate either into the Caribbean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean depending on the direction of the currents that forced their generation.^[12]

Surface tides, internal tides, internal solitons, inertial currents and the low frequency water mass transport between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea make the Mona Passage a very dynamic environment.

References

^ ^a ^b http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2007/05/ Archived 2017-04-05 at the Wayback Machine Uri ten Brink, New Bathymetric Map of Mona Passage, Northeastern Caribbean, Aids in Earthquake- and Tsunami-Hazard Mitigation, USGS Sound Waves Newsletter, May 2007
^ Mann, Paul, Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazards of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Offshore Areas, Special Paper, Geological Society of America, 2005 p. 118 - 119 ISBN 978-0-8137-2385-3
^ Segura-Torres, W. (2000). Low frequency transport components in Mona Passage. Ph. D. Dissertation. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. p. 317.
^ Rosario-Llantín, J. (2000). Tidal Currents in Mona Passage. M.S. Thesis. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. p. 82.
^ Bejarano, L. F. (1997). Characterization of the internal tide north of Mona Passage. M.S. Thesis. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. p. 112.
^ Corredor, J. E. (2008). "Development and Propagation of Internal Tides in the Mona Passage" (PDF). Sea Technology. October: 48–50. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
^ Corredor, J. E., Morell J. M., Capella J. E., Glen S. and D. Pabst (May 2008). "Internal Tides in the Mona Passage". AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts. 2008: OS33B–01. Bibcode:2008AGUSMOS33B..01C.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Schofield O., Kohut J., Glenn S., Morell J., Capella J., Corredor J., Orcutt J., Arrott M., Krueger I., Meisinger M., Peach C., Vernon F., Chave A., Chao Y., Chien S., Thompson D., Brown W., Oliver M. and W. Boicourt (November–December 2008). "A Regional Slocum Glider Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight Leverages Broad Community Engagement" (PDF). Marine Technology Society Journal. 44 (6): 185–195. doi:10.4031/MTSJ.44.6.20. Retrieved 2014-09-06.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Alfonso-Sosa, E. (2002). Variabilidad temporal de la producción primaria fitoplanctonica en la estación CaTS (Caribbean Time-Series Station): Con énfasis en el impacto de la marea interna semidiurna sobre la producción (PDF). Ph. D. Dissertation. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. UMI publication AAT 3042382. p. 407. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
^ Alfonso-Sosa, Edwin (2015-03-10). "Internal Solitary Waves Generated at Banco Engaño, Mona Passage" (PDF): 1–12. Retrieved 2015-03-19. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Alfonso-Sosa, E. (2013). "Misterioso Fenómeno en el Pasaje de la Mona" (PDF). La Regata. 7: 10. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
^ Alfonso-Sosa, Edwin (2013-07-07). "Internal Solitons Generated at Banco Engaño, Mona Passage*" (PDF): 1–6. Retrieved 2014-09-05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)