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Mount Hor

For the mountain in state of Vermont of the United States, see Mount Hor (Vermont).
Jebel Harun near Petra, Jordan. One of the candidates for biblical Mount Hor, with a Byzantine monastery and a Mamluk mosque dedicated to Aaron's tomb.

Mount Hor (Hebrew: הֹר הָהָר‎, Hōr hāHār) is the name given in the Hebrew Bible to two distinct mountains. One borders the land of Edom in the area south of the Dead Sea, and the other is by the Mediterranean Sea at the Northern border of Israel. The first Mount Hor is especially significant to the Israelites, as Aaron the high priest, brother of Moses, died there.

Mount Hor in Edom

Jebel Harun ('Mount Aaron') near Petra

This Mount Hor is situated "in the edge of the land of Edom" (Numbers 20:23, 33:37) and was the scene of Aaron's divestiture, death and burial. The exact location of Mount Hor has been the subject of debate.

Jebel Harun

Based on the writing of Josephus,[1] it has customarily been identified with the Jebel Nebi Harun ("Mountain of the Prophet Aaron" in Arabic) or simply Jebel Harun, a twin-peaked mountain 4780 feet above sea-level in the Edomite Mountains on the east side of the Arabah section of the Jordan Rift Valley.[citation needed] On the summit is a mosque from the Mamluk period, traditionally marking the so-called "Tomb of Aaron" and built over the remains of a Byzantine church,[2] and in the saddle west of it are the remains of a Byzantine monastery dedicated to Aaron.[3]

Jebel Madara

Some investigators from the mid-19th until the beginning of the 20th century dissented from this identification: for example, Henry Clay Trumbull preferred the Jebel Madara, a peak about 15 miles northwest of 'Ain Kadis[4] (possibly Kadesh Barnea), near the modern border between Israel and Egypt. Among others who favor this location are Wilton (The Negeb, 1863, pp. 127 ff.), de:Frants Buhl (Die Geschichte der Edomiter, 1893, p. 23), G.B Gray (A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers, p.270) and Bruno J. L. Baentsch (Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers [1900–03 in German as Exodus – Leviticus – Numeri], p. 572.)[citation needed]

Other sites

Mount Uhud north of Medina has a shrine similar to the mosque on top of Jebel Harun that is connected by tradition to the life of Aaron.[5]

Another site is in the Sinai, where some 2 km northwest from Saint Catherine's Monastery both Muslim and Christian shrines stand at the top of a hill.[5] Tradition places there the site of the golden calf.[5] The Muslim maqam marks the place where prophet Harun stood, with his footprint preserved nearby.[5] Muslims from the area used to perform an annual ziyara, a procession to the monastery accompanied by sacrificing of camels, which took place until the Six-Day War.[5]

Northern Mount Hor

Another Mount Hor is mentioned in the Book of Numbers (Num. 34:7–8), defining the northern boundary of the Land of Israel. It is traditionally identified as the Nur or Amanus Mountains.[6] In the Second Temple period, Jewish authors seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the Promised Land, began to construe Mount Hor as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain.[7] Rabbinic writings also declare Amanah a boundary of the land of Israel, saying "What constitutes the Land [of Israel], and what constitutes [the places] outside the Land [of Israel]? All that which inclines itself and drops down [precipitously] from Turos Amanus and inward (i.e. towards its south) is the Land of Israel. From Turos Amanus and outward (i.e. towards its north) are [places] outside the Land [of Israel]."[8][9][10][11]

Mount Hor is also called Amanah, and is known as Mount Manus in the Jerusalem Targums, and Umanis in Targum Jonathan.[12] Historical geographer, Joseph Schwarz (1804–1865), sought to establish the bounds of the Amanah mountain range described in rabbinic literature, adding that it is to be identified with Mount Hor, "the northern terminus of Palestine", and which, according to him, "extends south of Tripoli as the promontory of Mount Hor (Numbers 34:7), called in the period of the Grecian domination Theuprosopon, and now Ras al-Shaka, as far as the Mediterranean, and thence it runs a distance of 12 English miles to the south of Tyre, to the Ras al Nakhara, where its rocky cliffs, which are visible at a great distance, extend into the sea."[13] By this description, Amanah is the southernmost Anti-Lebanon Mountains, equatable with Mount Hermon, and is not to be confused with Mount Amanus in southern Turkey.

See also

References

  1. ^ Antiq. 4:4:6.
  2. ^ Miettunen, Päivi (2004). Darb Al-Nabī Hārūn: The veneration of the prophet Hārūn in the Petra region – Tradition and change 1812 - 2003 (Thesis). MA thesis, Semitic Studies. University of Helsinki. Archived from the original on 9 December 2004. Retrieved 6 July 2009.Chapter 5.2 "The Shrine", pp.36-38 for the mosque.
  3. ^ Fiema, Zbigniew T. (2002). "The Byzantine monastic / pilgrimage center of St. Aaron near Petra, Jordan". Arkeologipäivät: 34-49 (34). Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  4. ^ R.A.S. Macalister, "Hor, Mount", in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.)
  5. ^ a b c d e Miettunen (2004), 5.1 History of Jabal Hārūn, and other sites connected to Hārūn, p. 36.
  6. ^ Joseph H. Hertz ed. (1988). The Pentateuch and Haftorahs: Hebrew Text English Translation and Commentary Edition: 2, Soncino Press
  7. ^ Bechard, Dean Philip (2000). Paul Outside the Walls: A Study of Luke's Socio-geographical Universalism in Acts 14:8-20. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 203–205. ISBN 978-88-7653-143-9. In the Second Temple period, when Jewish authors were seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the Land, it became customary to construe "Mount Hor" of Num 34:7 as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain. (p. 205, note 98)
  8. ^ Tosefta, ed. M.S. Zuckermandel, Jerusalem 1970, s.v. Hallah 2:11 (p. 99)
  9. ^ Wells & Calmet 1817, p. 316, Canaan.
  10. ^ Cf. Bloch & Bloch 1995, p. 13 - Bloch, A.; Bloch, C. (1995). The Song of Songs: A New Translation with an Introduction and Commentary. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22675-3. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  11. ^ Cf. Mishnah (Shevi'it 6:1)
  12. ^ Wells, E.; Calmet, A. (1817). "Amanah". Sacred geography; or, A companion to the Holy Bible. Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible (Revised ed.). Charlestown: Samuel Etheridge, Jr. p. 276f. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  13. ^ Schwarz, Joseph (1969). A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. Translated by Isaac Leeser. New York: Hermon Press. pp. 40, 55. (reprint of A. Hart: Philadelphia 1850)

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hor, Mount". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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30°19′01″N 35°24′25″E / 30.31694°N 35.40694°E / 30.31694; 35.40694

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