Olaf Scholz attended the Bekassinenau elementary school in Oldenfelde, and then switched to the Großlohering elementary school in Großlohe. After graduating from high school in 1977, he began studying law at the University of Hamburg in 1978 as part of a one-stage legal training course.[6] He later found employment as a lawyer specialising in labour and employment law, working at the law firm Zimmermann, Scholz und Partner.[7] Scholz joined the Social Democratic Party at the age of 17.[3]
Scholz's family is traditionally Lutheran, and he was baptized in the Protestant Church in Germany. He holds largely secular political views, and left the Church in adulthood, but has emphasised a need for appreciation of Germany's Christian heritage and culture.[8]
Scholz joined the SPD in 1975 as a student, where he came into contact with the Jusos, the youth organization of the SPD. From 1982 to 1988, he was Deputy Federal Chairman of the Jusos. Scholz was also Vice President of the International Union of Socialist Youth from 1987 to 1989. He supported the Freudenberger Kreis, a Marxist wing of the Jusos' university groups, arguing that society should "overcome the capitalist economy" in one of his publications.[9] In it, Scholz criticized the "aggressive-imperialist NATO", the Federal Republic as the "European stronghold of big business" and the social-liberal coalition, which puts the "bare maintenance of power above any form of substantive dispute".[10] Referring to this period in his life, Scholz has later said that he "made almost all possible mistakes at some point".[9]
On 4 January 1984, Scholz and other Juso leaders attended a meeting in East Germany with Egon Krenz, then secretary of the Central Committee of the SED, and Herbert Häber, member of the Politburo of the SED-Central Committee.[11] In 1987, Scholz crossed the inner-German border again and stood up for disarmament agreements as Juso-Vice at an FDJ peace rally in Wittenberg alongside FDJ head Eberhard Aurich.[12]
Member of the Bundestag, 1998–2001
Scholz was elected to his first political office as a Deputy Member of the Bundestag representing the constituency of Hamburg-Altona in 1998, aged 40.[13] During his tenure, Scholz served on the Committee for Labor and Social Matters. In the committee of inquiry into the visa affair of the Bundestag, he was chairman of the SPD parliamentary group.[14] Scholz resigned his mandate on 6 June 2001, to take office as Senator.[clarification needed] Because his seat was an overhang seat, it was not filled until the 2002 German federal election.[citation needed]
During his brief time as Senator, Scholz controversially[clarification needed] approved the involuntary use of emetics to gather evidence from suspected drug dealers.[15] The Hamburg Medical Chamber expressed disapproval of this practice due to potential health risks.[16]
Scholz was elected again to the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. From 2002 to 2004, Scholz also served as General Secretary of the SPD; he resigned from that office when party leader and Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, facing disaffection within his own party and hampered by persistently low public approval ratings, announced he would step down as Leader of the Social Democratic Party.[19]
Scholz was one of a series of politicians who sparked debate over the German journalistic norm of allowing interviewees to "authorize" and amend quotes before publication. This came after his press team insisted on extensively editing an interview with Die Tageszeitung in 2003.[20][21]Die Tageszeitung editor Bascha Mika condemned the norm as a "betrayal of the claim to a free press", and the newspaper ultimately published the interview with Scholz's answers blacked out.[22][23]
Scholz served as the SPD spokesperson on the inquiry committee investigating the 2005 German Visa Affair. Following the federal election later that year, he served as First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD Bundestag Group. He also became Chief Whip of the Social Democratic Party. In this capacity, he worked closely with the CDU Chief Whip Norbert Röttgen to manage and defend the grand coalition led by Chancellor Angela Merkel in the Bundestag.[24] Scholz also served as a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel, which provides parliamentary oversight of the German federal intelligence services; the BND, MAD and BfV.[25]
Scholz in March 2011, on the government benches in the Hamburg Parliament, shortly after his election as First Mayor
In 2011, Scholz was the lead SPD candidate at the Hamburg state election, which the SPD won with 48.3% of the votes, taking 62 of 121 seats in the Hamburg Parliament.[30] Scholz resigned as a Member of the Bundestag on 11 March 2011, days after his formal election as First Mayor of Hamburg; Dorothee Stapelfeldt, also a Social Democrat, was appointed his Deputy First Mayor.[31][32][33]
Scholz and the spouses of the heads of state and government at the G20 in Hamburg, 2017
In 2013, Scholz opposed a public initiative aiming at a complete buyback of energy grids that the city of Hamburg had sold to utilities Vattenfall Europe AG and E.ON decades before; he argued this would overburden the city, whose debt stood at more than €20B at the time.[37]
Scholz was asked to participate in exploratory talks between the CDU, CSU and SPD parties to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal election.[38] In the subsequent negotiations, he led the SPD delegation in the financial policy working group; his co-chair from the CDU/CSU was Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble.[39] Alongside fellow Social Democrats Jörg Asmussen and Thomas Oppermann, Scholz was reported in the media to be a possible successor to Schäuble in the post of Finance Minister at the time; whilst Schäuble remained in post, the talks to form a coalition were ultimately successful.[40]
In a paper compiled in late 2014, Scholz and Schäuble proposed redirecting revenue from the solidarity surcharge on income and corporate tax (Solidaritätszuschlag) to subsidize the federal states' interest payments.[41]
In 2015, Scholz led Hamburg's bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics with an estimated budget of €11.2B (US$12.6B), competing against Los Angeles, Paris, Rome, and Budapest. In a referendum, the citizens of Hamburg later rejected the city's candidacy, with more than half voting against the project.[45][46] Later that year, Scholz – alongside Minister-PresidentTorsten Albig of Schleswig-Holstein – negotiated a debt-restructuring deal with the European Commission. The deal allowed German regional lender HSH Nordbank to offload €6.2B in problematic assets, primarily underperforming ship loans, onto its government majority owners and avoid being shut down, saving around 2,500 jobs.[47]
In 2017, Scholz was criticised for his handling of riots that took place during the G20 summit in Hamburg.[7]
In late 2021, Scholz was widely criticised for his handling of the CumEx tax fraud at M. M. Warburg & Co. when he was the mayor of Hamburg.[48][49]
Vice Chancellor and Minister of Finance, 2018–2021
After a lengthy period of inter-party negotiations following the 2017 federal election, during which the CDU, CSU and SPD agreed to continue in coalition, Scholz was appointed Federal Minister of Finance. Scholz was sworn in alongside the rest of the fourth Merkel cabinet on 14 March 2018, also taking the role of Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel.[50] Within his first months in office, Scholz became one of Germany's most popular politicians, reaching an approval rating of 50%.[51]
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, Scholz drafted a series of financial rescue packages for the country's economy, including a €130B stimulus package in June 2020. The stimulus package included support for businesses and freelancers as well as a decision to keep factories open. This is often credited as having prevented mass layoffs, and the effects of the COVID-19 financial crisis on the German economy were initially relatively low.[53][54] Scholz also oversaw the allocation of funding received from Next Generation EU, the European Union's €750B COVID-19 recovery fund. 90% of the €28B available to Germany was invested into climate protection and digitization.[55]
Scholz was criticized in the context of the Wirecard scandal; serious misconduct by the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), which is under the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Finance, is alleged to have contributed to the longevity of the fraudulent business.[60][61] During Scholz's time in office, the Ministry of Finance was one of the subjects of parliamentary inquiry into the scandal, but Scholz has denied any personal responsibility.[62][63] Having vowed to strengthen financial market supervision, he replaced BaFin president Felix Hufeld.[64][65]
Political views in the 2010s
Within the SPD, Scholz is widely viewed as forming part of the moderate wing of the party.[7] Because of his flat enunciation and mechanical-sounding choice of words in press conferences and interviews, Scholz has been nicknamed "the Scholzomat" by some media outlets. In 2013, he said that he found the nickname "very appropriate".[66][67] In January 2019, Scholz stated that he sees China primarily as an economic partner.[68] He tried to persuade Chinese Vice Premier Liu He that China should be more open to German firms,[69] and he supported the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment between the EU and China.[70] In September 2022, he condemned the treatment of ethnic Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang.[71]
Scholz and US Secretary of the Treasury Mnuchin in 2018
Scholz has been campaigning for a financial transaction tax for several years. Experts have criticized parts of this plan, arguing that it would disproportionately affect small shareholders.[73][74][75][76] In December 2019, Scholz pushed for the introduction of this tax at European Union level. According to a draft legislation, share purchases should be taxed when they involve shares in companies with a market capitalization over €1B.[77] Journalist Hermann-Josef Tenhagen criticized this version of the transaction tax on the basis that it would disproportionately affect lower-income individuals.[78] A report by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy commissioned by the Federal Government in 2020 certified the same deficiencies in the tax concept that Tenhagen had already pointed out.[79]
During his tenure as minister of finance, Scholz prioritized not taking on new government debt and limiting public spending.[51] In 2018, he suggested the creation of an EU-wide unemployment insurance system to make the Eurozone more resilient to future economic shocks.[80]
Environment and climate policy
In September 2019, Scholz negotiated the climate package in a key role for the SPD. To this he said: "What we have presented is a great achievement", whereas climate scientists almost unanimously criticized the result as insufficient.[81][82][83][84][85]
In August 2020, Scholz held a phone call with US Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin, discussing a lift of US sanctions on the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, one of 23 gas pipelines between Europe and Russia.[86] In exchange, Scholz offered €1B in subsidies to liquid gas terminals in northern Germany for US liquid gas imports.[87][88][89] The move sparked controversy with regards to the SPD's stance towards renewable energy.[90][91]
The revised Climate Protection Act introduced by Olaf Scholz's cabinet as Mayor of Hamburg provides for a 65% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2030, an 88% reduction by 2040 and climate neutrality by 2045.[92]
Scholz has advocated for the expansion of renewable energy capacities to replace fossil fuels.[93] In May 2021, Scholz proposed the establishment of an international climate club, which should serve to develop common minimum standards for climate policy measures and a coordinated approach. In addition, uniform rules for the carbon accounting of goods should apply among members.[94]
As part of the coalition agreement that led to Scholz becoming chancellor, the Social Democrats, Free Democrats, and Green party agreed to accelerate Germany's phaseout of coal to the year 2030, in line with the target set by the Powering Past Coal Alliance. The country's previous target had been to end the use of coal by 2038. In addition, the agreement set a phaseout of power generation from natural gas by 2040. The agreement also included provisions for the prohibition on natural gas heating in new buildings and replacement of natural gas systems in existing buildings. An end to the sale of combustion vehicles would come in 2035, in line with the target set by the European Commission.[95]
Relationship with the United States
In December 2019, Scholz criticized US sanctions on Russia's Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline to Germany, saying: "Such sanctions are a serious interference in the internal affairs of Germany and Europe and their sovereignty."[96]
Scholz has expressed support for a longstanding agreement that allows American tactical nuclear weapons to be stored and maintained on American bases within Germany.[97][98]
In June 2019, Scholz initially ruled out a candidacy for the party co-leadership following the resignation of Andrea Nahles. He explained that a simultaneous activity as Federal Minister of Finance and party leader was "not possible in terms of time".[99][100][101] However, in August, Scholz announced his intention to run for party chairmanship with Klara Geywitz.[102][103] He said that many of his preferred candidates had not run for office, expressing a sense of "responsibility".[104] Of the six candidate duos standing for election, the Geywitz-Scholz due received the most votes in the first round of the membership elections on 26 October 2019, with 22.7%. They qualified for the runoff election with the second-placed team Saskia Esken and Norbert Walter-Borjans, which had received 21.0% of the vote.[105]
On 30 November 2019, it was announced that Esken and Walter-Borjans had received 53.1% of the vote in the runoff election, with Geywitz and Scholz only receiving 45.3%.[106] This was seen as an upset victory for the left-wing of the SPD, including skeptics of the grand coalition with the CDU. Esken and Walter-Borjans were little-known to the public at large, Esken being a backbencher in the Bundestag and Walter-Borjans being the former Minister of Finance of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2010 to 2017. Scholz on the other hand had the backing of much of the party establishment.[citation needed]
On 10 August 2020, SPD party leadership agreed that it would nominate Scholz to be the party's candidate for Chancellor of Germany at the 2021 federal election.[107] Scholz is usually grouped with the moderate wing of the SPD,[108] and his nomination was seen by Die Tageszeitung as marking a decline of the party's left.[109]
Scholz and Finnish prime minister Sanna Marin in 2022Scholz meets US President Joe Biden in March 2023
Scholz was elected chancellor by the Bundestag on 8 December 2021, with 395 votes in favour and 303 against.[113] His new government was appointed on the same day by President Frank-Walter Steinmeier.[114] At 63 years, 177 days of age, Scholz is the oldest person to become Chancellor of Germany since Ludwig Erhard, who was 66 years, 255 days old when he assumed office on 17 October 1963.
Scholz extended into 2022 the suspension of the sale of weapons to Saudi Arabia.[116] The decision was made to "no longer approve any export sales to countries as long as they are directly involved" in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[117] In September 2022, Scholz visited the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, seeking to deepen ties with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and find alternative sources of energy.[118] Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman received Scholz in Jeddah.[119] Scholz's government approved new arms export deals to Saudi Arabia, despite a ban imposed as a result of the Saudi war in Yemen and the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[120]
Scholz called the US "Europe's closest and most important partner". Upon assuming the chancellorship in December 2021, he stated he would soon be meeting with President Joe Biden, saying: "It is now clear what binds us together."[98]
On 22 February 2022, Scholz announced that Germany would be halting its approval of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline in response to Russia's recognition of two self-declared separatist republics within Ukraine.[121] Scholz spoke against allowing the EU to cut Russia off from the SWIFT global interbank payment system.[122]
In an emergency meeting of the Bundestag on 27 February, Scholz made the Zeitenwende speech, announcing a complete reversal of German military and foreign policy, including the commencement of weapons shipments to Ukraine and a €100B increase in Germany's defense budget.[123] One reporter called it a path to "an emergency military modernisation, defence spending, energy independence from Russia, lethal assistance for Ukraine and EU financing for weaponry". However, in a press conference on 19 April Scholz spoke about slowing Germany's provision of weaponry to Ukraine, which was seen as reducing the scale of the policy change.[124]
In August 2022, Scholz expressed disagreement with the words of Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, who compared Israel's treatment of Palestinians to "apartheid" in South Africa.[127]
Scholz with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi, India on 25 February 2023
On 14 March 2023, Scholz met with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev in Berlin. They discussed the export of natural gas from Azerbaijan to Germany and the European Union. Scholz said that "Azerbaijan is becoming an increasingly important partner for both Germany and the European Union" and stated that Germany does not recognize the Armenian separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh as an independent republic.[133]
In early May 2023, Scholz met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa to normalize relations between Germany and Ethiopia, which had been strained by the Tigray War between the Ethiopian government and rebels in Tigray.[134]
In May 2023, Scholz called on all parties involved to resolve the Cyprus dispute, which escalated after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the subsequent occupation of the northern part of the island.[135]
Scholz with Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Tel Aviv, 17 October 2023
Scholz condemned Hamas' actions during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, expressed his support to Israel, and began supporting the nation with military and medical aid.[136][137][138] He criticized the Palestinian Authority and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, saying that "their silence is shameful."[139] On 17 October 2023, Scholz arrived in Israel and on the same day warned Iran and Hezbollah not to get involved in the war between Israel and Hamas. He said that "Germany and Israel are united by the fact that they are democratic constitutional states. Our actions are based on law and order, even in extreme situations."[140] On 12 November 2023, Scholz rejected calls for "an immediate ceasefire or long pause" in Israel's war against Hamas in Gaza, saying it would "mean ultimately that Israel leaves Hamas the possibility of recovering and obtaining new missiles".[141]
Speaking at the COP28 climate summit in Dubai in December 2023, Scholz called for a phase-out of fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, and reiterated Germany's commitment to be climate neutral by 2045, saying, "The technologies are there: wind power, photovoltaics, electric motors, green hydrogen."[142]
In March 2024, Scholz confronted EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell over his months-long criticism of Israel, saying Borrell did not speak for Germany.[143] On 28 May 2024, Scholz said that his government has no plans to officially recognise a Palestinian state.[144]
In May 2024, Scholz criticized planned EU tariffs on imports of Chinese electric vehicles, saying, "I would like to point out that currently 50% of electric vehicle imports from China in fact come from Western brands that produce vehicles there."[145] In June 2024, Scholz praised Volkswagen AG's move to develop cheaper electric cars for the European market.[146]
In June 2024, he welcomed Argentine President Javier Milei in Berlin. Scholz and Milei expressed support for the EU–Mercosur free trade agreement.[147] Scholz criticized European Union's trade policy and called on Brussels to speed up negotiations on free trade agreements.[148]
In July 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin warned of a Cold War-style missile crisis and threatened to deploy long-range missiles within striking distance of the West after the United States announced its intention to deploy long-range missiles in Germany starting in 2026 that could hit Russian territory within 10 minutes. US weapons in Germany would include SM-6 and Tomahawk cruise missiles and developmental hypersonic weapons.[149][150] Scholz supported the decision to place US long-range missiles in Germany,[151] but his government's move was criticized by the political opposition as well as within Scholz's coalition.[152] Critics say the move would trigger a new arms race. Biden and Scholz's plan to deploy long-range missiles in Germany has been compared to the deployment of Pershing II launchers in Western Europe in 1979.[153][149]
COVID-19 vaccine mandate
During his campaign in the 2021 election, Scholz opposed a COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Since late November 2021, he has expressed support for mandatory vaccination for adults, scheduled to be voted during the first months of 2022 by the federal parliament, and for the closure of non-essential retail stores to unvaccinated adults, based on the 2G-Regel, decreed by state governments in December 2021.[154][155][156][157][158]
On 13 January 2022, Scholz told lawmakers in the Bundestag that Germany should make COVID-19 vaccinations mandatory for all adults.[159] Later that month, he warned that the coronavirus would not "miraculously" disappear, and said Germany would not be able to get out of the pandemic without compulsory vaccinations.[160] The opposition Christian Democratic Union criticized the government for not taking a firm decision on a vaccine mandate. The far-right Alternative for Germany party wanted Scholz's government to ban vaccine mandates.[161]
Scholz and Polish Prime Minister Morawiecki in 2021
In December 2021, Scholz rejected the Polish government's claim for further World War II reparations.[162] As a consequence of Nazi German aggression in World War II, Poland lost about a fifth of its population and much of its industry and infrastructure was destroyed. As a compensation Poland was awarded large parts of eastern Germany at the Potsdam Conference in 1945,[163][164] with Germany finally renouncing its claims to these territories – including East Prussia, most of Silesia, as well as the eastern parts of Brandenburg and Pomerania – in the Two Plus Four Agreement in 1990. According to the German government, there is no legal basis for further compensation payments.[165] In a meeting with Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, Scholz said "We have concluded treaties that are valid and have settled the past issues and the compensation".[165] Scholz also pointed out that Germany "continues to be willing to pay very, very high contributions to the EU budget", from which Poland has benefited considerably since its accession to the EU.[165]
In January 2022, The New York Times reported intensifying concerns from the US and other NATO allies about the Scholz government's "evident hesitation to take forceful measures" against Russia in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis.[166]
The Scholz government initially refused to send weapons to Ukraine, citing existing German policy and financial support for the Eastern European country.[167] As late as 15 February, Scholz was quoted by TASS as saying "the way out of the crisis in Ukraine is to implement the Steinmeier formula", a mechanism of granting a special status to Donbass.[168] On 26 February, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Scholz reversed his decision and pledged a supply of anti-tank weapons and Stinger missiles to Ukraine.[169]
Before the 24 February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Scholz rejected Ukraine's demands for weapons deliveries on 6 February, saying Germany "has for many years taken the clear stance that we do not deliver to crisis regions".[170] The Russian invasion drastically changed German policy with regard to defense spending, aiding Ukraine and the nation's energy security.
Scholz greatly increased German defense expenditure. Three days after the invasion started, he announced in the Zeitenwende speech the creation of a one-off €100B fund for the Bundeswehr.[171] This represented a major shift in German foreign policy, as Germany had long refused to meet the required spending of 2% of its GDP on defense, as is required by NATO.[172] In addition to increasing defense spending for his own country, in an address to Germany's parliament on 23 March, Scholz emphasized support for aiding Ukraine in its resistance to Russian invasion.[173]
With regard to supporting Ukraine and taking action against Russia, Scholz was trailing behind others. On 26 February 2022, he was the last of several EU leaders to continue opposition against kicking Russia out of the SWIFT international payment system.[174] However, Germany did send some effective weapons to Ukraine. By 17 March about 2,000 portable missile weapons against tanks and aircraft had been sent.[175] In his 23 March speech, Scholz claimed that Germany would "try everything we can until peace prevails again on our continent" including taking hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees across German borders.[173] Like most other NATO leaders, he declined to impose a no-fly zone, as that would probably draw NATO into a direct military conflict with Russia.[173]
Apart from increasing defense spending and aiding Ukraine, the invasion also highlighted the dangers of relying on Russian gas. By 3 March 2022, Scholz had announced plans to build two new LNG terminals.[176] Economy minister Habeck then visited Norway and on 19 March Qatar, one of the world's largest exporters of liquefied natural gas.[177][178] Here he signed a long term agreement about importing Qatari gas.[179] Amid pressure to prohibit Russian gas imports across Europe, Scholz still refused to end German imports of Russian gas in the first days of April.[180] A few days later, he said Germany was working on ending the import of Russian energy.[181] He opposed a reversal of Germany's scheduled end to nuclear power, saying the technical challenges were too great.[182]
In early April 2022 news of the Bucha massacre shocked public opinion in Europe. On 6 April Guy Verhofstadt got a lot of attention with a passionate speech about Ukraine before the European parliament. He ended it by accusing the German government of "dragging its feet" with regard to taking action against Russia.[183] That same month, Germany policy changed and the chancellor avowed that Germany would provide Ukraine with more than €1B to spend on military resources.[184] Scholz rejected a plan made by Vice Chancellor and Economy Minister Robert Habeck and Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock to deliver 100 MarderInfantry fighting vehicles from German stocks to Ukraine.[185][186]
From May 2022, the aid to Ukraine became increasingly significant. The rhetoric of the chancellor also began to change. On 9 May 2022, Scholz said that Russians and Ukrainians once fought together during World War II against Nazi Germany's "murderous National Socialist regime", but now "Putin wants to overthrow Ukraine and destroy its culture and identity... [and] even regards his barbaric war of aggression as being on a par with the fight against National Socialism. That is a falsification of history and a disgraceful distortion."[187] On 16 June 2022, Scholz visited the Ukrainian Capital, Kyiv, alongside French President Emmanuel Macron and Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi to meet President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. They talked about various issues such as the war in Ukraine and Ukraine's membership into the EU.[188][189] This comes as a reverse of his previous stance to not visit Ukraine, after Zelensky rebuked the German President, Frank-Walter Steinmeier over his contribution to stronger Moscow-Berlin ties.[190][191]
International trips by Olaf Scholz
Germany
1 visit
2 visits
3 to 7 visits
8 to 10 visits
11 and more visits
No known visits
By 1 September 2022, the actual volume of German arms deliveries to Ukraine was only exceeded by that of deliveries by the United States and the United Kingdom.[192] The verdict was that, "based on these statistics, Berlin had ultimately positioned itself as a reliable partner of Ukraine."[192] However, it "could also be argued that Berlin's communication to affirm its Ukraine stance and explain its foreign policy goals had been nothing short of an unmitigated disaster".[192] In January 2023, Scholz announced the decision to send Leopard 2 battle tanks to Ukraine.[193] In May 2024, Scholz gave Ukraine permission to strike targets inside Russia with German-supplied weapons.[194] In a phone call in November 2024, Scholz urged Putin to withdraw his forces from Ukraine and begin talks aiming at a "just and lasting peace". The call was sharply criticized by Zelenskyy, who considered the it as undermining efforts to isolate Putin. Several European officials were said to have cautioned Scholz against the move.[195]
Immigration policy
In December 2021, Scholz said that Germany was a country of immigration and pledged to reduce barriers to immigration to Germany and make it easier for immigrants to obtain German citizenship.[196] 352,000 people applied for asylum in Germany in 2023, the highest number since 2016, when 722,370 people applied for asylum. People from Ukraine are not included among asylum seekers. Most asylum seekers in 2023 were from Turkey, Syria and Afghanistan.[197] In September 2023, more than 120 boats carrying approximately 7,000 migrants from Africa arrived on the island of Lampedusa within 24 hours.[198] Some of the migrants were relocated to Germany.[199]
In 2023, 1,933,000 people immigrated to Germany, including 276,000 from Ukraine and 126,000 from Turkey, while 1,270,000 people emigrated. Net immigration to Germany was 663,000 in 2023, down from a record 1,462,000 in 2022.[200]
In 2022, Scholz stated that Russian deserters and draft evaders who refused to take part in the Russian invasion of Ukraine should be protected in Germany. However, in 2024, German authorities ordered the deportation of Russian nationals who wanted to avoid mobilization and criticized Putin's government on the grounds that they would not face persecution in Russia.[201]
In August 2024, in response to a deadly attack in Solingen by a Syrian asylum seeker, Scholz has called for stricter immigration measures and expedited deportations. The incident has reignited debates over migration policies in Germany ahead of upcoming regional elections.[202]
On 11 September 2024, Scholz said that Germany must remain open to immigration to maintain economic growth and also said that Germany would offer protection to those who are politically persecuted, telling opposition political parties that the issue is non-negotiable.[a][207] On 14 September 2024, Scholz and Kenyan President William Ruto signed an agreement that opened the German labor market to up to 250,000 skilled and semi-skilled migrant workers from Kenya.[208] Scholz's government has already signed migration partnerships with several other countries,[209] including Morocco, Nigeria and India.[210] There are concerns about brain drain in Kenya, as professionals such as doctors and nurses could leave for better-paying jobs in Germany.[211]
Scholz was raised in the Protestant Church in Germany and later left it.[224] At his inauguration as chancellor in 2021, Scholz took the oath of office without a reference to God (the second chancellor to do so after Gerhard Schröder). He is the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany who is not a member of a church.[225]
On 4 September 2023, Scholz announced that he would be wearing an eyepatch following a jogging accident.[226][227][228]
^The right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution is a human right, as defined in article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations (UN).[203] Germany became a full member of the UN on 18 September 1973. Furthermore, article 16a of the German constitution states that politically persecuted persons have the right to asylum (Politisch Verfolgte genießen Asylrecht),[204] and as Chancellor of Germany Scholz is sworn to "uphold and defend the constitution" ("das Grundgesetz [...] wahren und verteidigen"),[205] as set out in article 56 of that same constitution.[206]
^ abFeldenkirchen, Markus; Sauga, Michael (26 November 2007). "Rückkehr eines Bauernopfers". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
^"Kein ärztlicher Eingriff mit Gewalt" [No forced medical intervention]. Pressestelle der Ärztekammer Hamburg (in German). 30 October 2001. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
^"Germany stands firmly alongside Israel | Federal Government". Website of the Federal Government | Bundesregierung. 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024. The Federal Government is also supporting Israel by providing military and medical equipment.
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Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Mandala. Artikel ini bukan mengenai Stadion Widya Mandala Krida. Stadion Mandala Kridaꦱꦼꦠꦝꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀ꦢꦭꦏꦿꦶꦢSetadhiyon Mandala KridaMandala KridaPasca-renovasi Stadion Mandala Krida pada tahun 2019Informasi stadionNama lengkapStadion Mandala KridaPemilikPemerintah Daerah Istimewa YogyakartaLokasiLokasi Semaki, Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta, DIY, IndonesiaKoordinat7°47′46″S 110°23′03″E / 7.795992°S 110.384289°E&...
U.S. House district for Massachusetts Massachusetts's 5th congressional districtInteractive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023Representative Katherine ClarkD–ReverePopulation (2022)776,294Median householdincome$115,167[1]Ethnicity73.2% White10.7% Asian8.1% Hispanic4.9% Black2.4% Two or more races0.7% otherCook PVID+23[2] Massachusetts's 5th congressional district is a congressional district in eastern Massachusetts. The district is represented by Katherin...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant la Chine. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Liánnán yáozú Zìzhìxiàn 连南瑶族自治县 Administration Pays Chine Province ou région autonome Guangdong Préfecture Qingyuan Statut administratif Xian autonome Code postal 513300[1] Indicatif +86 (0)763 Immatriculation 粤R Démographie 150 480 hab. (1999) Densité 121 hab./km2 Géographi...
Mocha Uson Esther Margaux Mocha Justiniano Uson,[1][2] dikenal dengan mononim Mocha, adalah seorang penyanyi, penari, model, blogger politik dan pejabat publik asal Filipina yang kontroversial[3] yang dikenal karena menyebarkan berita palsu dan disinformasi.[4][5][6] Ia juga merupakan salah satu pendiri grup Mocha Girls. Lihat pula RJ Nieto Catatan Referensi ^ Orellana, Faye (October 7, 2017). UST Alumni Association: Mocha Uson is awarded as alu...
Servigny-lès-Sainte-Barbe Servigny-lès-Sainte-Barbe (Frankreich) Staat Frankreich Region Grand Est Département (Nr.) Moselle (57) Arrondissement Metz Kanton Le Pays messin Gemeindeverband Haut Chemin-Pays de Pange Koordinaten 49° 9′ N, 6° 17′ O49.1491666666676.2761111111111Koordinaten: 49° 9′ N, 6° 17′ O Höhe 205–281 m Fläche 3,09 km² Einwohner 478 (1. Januar 2020) Bevölkerungsdichte 155 Einw./km² Postleitzahl 57640 ...
Pato Pecoso Estado de conservaciónPreocupación menor (UICN)[1]TaxonomíaReino: AnimaliaFilo: ChordataClase: AvesOrden: AnseriformesFamilia: AnatidaeSubfamilia: StictonettinaeGénero: StictonettaReichenbach, 1853Especie: S. naevosa (Gould, 1841)[editar datos en Wikidata] El pato pecoso,[2] pato moteado o pato manchado (Stictonetta naevosa) es una especie de ave anseriforme de la familia Anatidae, la única del género Stictonetta y de la subfamilia Stictonettin...
Чемпіонат U-19 України 2013—2014 Подробиці Кількість учасників 16 Призові місця Чемпіон «Металіст» U-19 (1-й раз) Віцечемпіон «Шахтар» U-19 Третє місце «Карпати» U-19 Статистика ← 2012—2013 2014—2015 → 2-га юнацька першість України з футболу проходила з липня 2013 року і завершилася ...
الباربتيورات هي: عبارة عن أدوية مثبطة للجهاز العصبي المركزي، لذلك تقوم بإنتاج مفعول واسع المدى، من مهدئ خفيف المفعول إلى مخدر كامل. كذلك هي أدوية مضادة للقلق، منومة، ومضادة للتشنجات. الباربتيورات لها مفعول مسكن للالم؛ لكن مفعوله الضعيف بعض الشيء، يمنع من استخدام الباربتي�...
Magazine This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Neo magazine – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) NEOIssue 189 - August 2019EditorGemma CoxCategories Anime and manga Japanese popular culture East Asian cinema Frequenc...
Konstantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Walter Simons Otto Karl Gessler Wilhelm Groener (pada 1928) Kabinet Fehrenbach (Jerman: Kabinett Fehrenbach) adalah Reichsregierung terpilih secara demokratis keempat dari Reich Jerman. Kabinet tersebut mengambil nama dari Reichskanzler (kanselir) Konstantin Fehrenbach dan menjabat pada 25 Juni 1920 saat kabinet tersebut menggantikan kabinet Müller pertama.[1] Referensi ^ Files of the Reichskanzlei: Das Kabinett Fehrenbach I – Wahlergebnis und Reg...
German pop music duo Modern TalkingModern Talking during their final concert in 2003Background informationOriginWest Berlin, West GermanyGenresEuropop[1]synth-pop[2]dance-pop[3]Euro disco[4]Years active1983–19871998–2003LabelsHansaAriolaRCASony BMGPast membersDieter BohlenThomas Anders Modern Talking was a German pop duo consisting of arranger, songwriter and producer Dieter Bohlen[5] and singer Thomas Anders. They have been referred to as Germany's...
Trivium discographyTrivium performing in 2017Studio albums10Music videos34EPs3Singles42Demo albums2Other appearances3 The discography of Trivium, an American heavy metal band, consists of ten studio albums, three extended play, two demo albums, 42 singles and 34 music videos. Formed in Orlando, Florida in 1999, the group's first recording lineup included vocalist and guitarist Matt Heafy, bassist Brent Young and drummer Travis Smith, who together released Ember to Inferno on Lifeforce Records...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع شوروود (توضيح). شوروود الإحداثيات 41°31′06″N 88°12′54″W / 41.5183°N 88.215°W / 41.5183; -88.215 تاريخ التأسيس 1830 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[1] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ويل، إلينوي خصائص جغرافية المساحة 8.13 ميل مربع ار�...
Wiel Coerver Tanggal lahir (1924-12-03)3 Desember 1924Tempat lahir Kerkrade, BelandaTanggal meninggal 22 April 2011(2011-04-22) (umur 86)Tempat meninggal Kerkrade, BelandaKepelatihanTahun Tim 1959–1965 S.V.N.1965–1966 Rapid JC1966–1969 Sparta Rotterdam1970–1973 N.E.C.1973–1975 Feyenoord Rotterdam1975–1976 Indonesia1976–1977 Go Ahead Eagles Wiel Coerver (3 Desember 1924 – 22 April 2011) adalah seorang mantan pemain dan pelatih sepak bola yang berasal dari Bel...
Claudia Walde (MadC) Claudia Walde conocida por su nombre artístico de MadC, es una destacada artista y escritora alemana de grafitis. Se le considera la artista graffitera más «exitosa del mundo», según varios medios.[1] Creadora de 700 wall. Biografía Claudia Walde, conocida como MadC, nació en Alemania, es una reconocida artista urbana. Alemania es la ciudad en la cual empezó su carrera como escritora de grafiti. Estudió diseño de comunicación en la universidad Burg Giebi...
American writer and grandson of Harry S. Truman For the editor, see Clifton Daniel. For the bishop, see Clifton Daniel (bishop). Clifton Truman DanielBorn (1957-06-05) June 5, 1957 (age 66)Manhattan, New York, U.S.Children3ParentsClifton Daniel (father)Margaret Truman (mother)RelativesHarry S. Truman (grandfather)Bess Truman (grandmother) Clifton Truman Daniel (born June 5, 1957) is an American writer and public relations executive who is the oldest grandson of former United States Presi...
Классы электронных усилителей и режимы работы активных усилительных приборов (ламп или транзисторов) традиционно обозначаются буквами латинского алфавита. Буквенные обозначения классов усиления могут дополнительно уточняться суффиксом, указывающим на режим согласо�...
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