Otto Wels (15 September 1873 – 16 September 1939) was a German politician who served as a member of the Reichstag from 1912 to 1933 and as the chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from 1919 until his death in 1939. He was military commander of Berlin in the turbulent early days of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, and during the 1920 Kapp Putsch he was instrumental in organizing the general strike that helped defeat the anti-republican putschists. Near the end of the Weimar Republic's life, however, he saw the futility of calling a general strike against the 1932 Prussian coup d'état because of the mass unemployment of the Great Depression.
His 1933 speech in the Reichstag in opposition to Adolf Hitler and the Enabling Act marked the end of the Weimar Republic prior to the Act becoming law. After Hitler became chancellor of Germany, Wels fled the country and established the SPD exile organization Sopade. He died in Paris in 1939, two weeks after the start of World War II.
Early life and career
Born in Berlin on 15 September 1873, Wels was the son of an innkeeper[1] (Johann Wels and his wife Johanne). The restaurant, which served as a meeting place for early SPD supporters, exposed Wels to the workers' movement at a young age. In 1891 he began an apprenticeship as a paper hanger and joined the SPD. Around 1893, he married Bertha Antonie Reske, a seamstress. They had two sons, Walter and Hugo. In the early 1890s, he represented other workers in the Berlin Craftsmen's Chamber and was elected the first chairman of the local SPD branch. From 1895 to 1897 he performed his military service in the German Army, where he was harassed by officers due to his politics (he was not granted leave during his entire service period). On finishing his military service, he enrolled at the Workers' Educational Society in Berlin before returning to politics. He was unsuccessful in his re-election bid for SPD local chairman (District Five) but continued to campaign until he was elected a representative in the new SPD party organisation in 1901.[2]
From 1906 he worked as a trade union official and party secretary in the Province of Brandenburg and on the press committee of Vorwärts, the SPD's party newspaper. In 1912 he was elected to the Reichstag, and with the support of August Bebel, the chairman and one of the founders of the SPD, he joined the SPD executive committee the next year. His position on the committee allowed him to take a central role in the development of the SPD.[3]
During the First World War, Wels supported Burgfriedenspolitik,[1] the political truce between Germany's political parties under which the trade unions refrained from striking, the SPD voted for war credits and the parties agreed not to criticize the government and its handling of the war.
Weimar Republic
German Revolution
On 9 November 1918, the date of the proclamation of the republic in Germany, Wels spoke to the Naumburg rifle brigade at their request to explain the political situation following the collapse of the German Empire at the end of World War I. The brigade was one of the units considered especially loyal to Emperor Wilhelm II that had been brought into the city as reinforcements against revolutionary activity. Wels convinced the soldiers that to avoid a civil war they should not use their weapons. At the end of his speech, the brigade went over in a body to the side of the supporters of the German Revolution. Buoyed by his success, Wels spoke at other barracks so persuasively that he was credited with keeping the death toll that day to just fifteen.[4]
Also on 9 November, Wels became a member of the revolutionary Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Berlin. He advocated successfully for the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) – a more leftist and anti-war group that had broken away from the SPD in 1917 – to be represented equally with the SPD on the Council. The next day he was made military commander of Berlin.[5]
The Berlin Palace, with the Emperor Wilhelm Memorial, circa 1900
The Volksmarinedivision was the revolution's main military unit in Berlin and as such under Wels' control. In December 1918, the Council of People's Deputies, Germany's temporary government, ordered the division to move outside Berlin and reduce the number of its soldiers. When they refused, Wels withheld their pay to force them to comply. During the week before Christmas, he attempted to negotiate with them, but when no progress was made, they detained and maltreated him.[6] Assaults on the division's locations at the Berlin Palace and Neuer Marstall by regular troops loyal to the government – the 1918 Christmas crisis – failed to dislodge the mutineers. Negotiations led to a compromise under which the Volksmarinedivision, in exchange for receiving its back pay and remaining a unit, vacated the Palace and Marstall and freed Wels, who was forced to step down from his position as city commander.[7]
After Friedrich Ebert of the SPD was elected German President on 11 February 1919, Wels acted as the party's presiding officer and was formally elected co-chairman with Hermann Müller on 14 June. From 6 February 1919 to 21 May 1920, Wels was a member of the Weimar National Assembly,[8] Germany's interim parliament and constitutional convention, where he sat on the Committee for the Preliminary Consultation of the Draft Constitution of the German Reich. Following the completion of the Assembly's work, he was elected to the new Reichstag of the Weimar Republic.
After the 1930 Reichstag election, which saw the Nazi Party gain 95 seats, Wels advocated the toleration of the cabinet of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning even though Brüning was heading a presidential cabinet that bypassed the Reichstag and ruled by presidential decree. The SPD feared that if they voted for a no-confidence motion against Brüning there could be new elections that would strengthen the Nazi's position even more.[9]
In the July 1932 Prussian coup d'état, Chancellor Franz von Papen ousted the elected government of Prussia and took over control of Germany's largest state as Reich Commissioner, a move that was seen as a major blow to democracy in the Republic. Wels nevertheless argued against calling a general strike to oppose Papen. Because of the mass unemployment in Germany at the time, Wels thought that workers would not be able to force Papen to back down.[1] Following the Reichstag election of November 1932 in which the Nazis lost seats, Wels rejected any negotiations with the new chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher.
Enabling Act
Hitler's Reichstag speech promoting the Enabling Act, which Wels countered, was delivered at the Kroll Opera House as a result of the Reichstag fire.
Wels had underestimated Adolf Hitler and was taken by surprise when President Paul von Hindenburg named him chancellor on 30 January 1933. The SPD saw the move as constitutional and called on its members to use restraint. Following the promulgation of the Reichstag Fire Decree on 28 February, Wels was threatened with arrest and fled with his family to Austria, but he returned in early March. The SPD by then saw that the proposed Enabling Act, which would give Hitler's cabinet the right to pass laws without the consent of the Reichstag for a period of four years, presented a mortal threat to the rule of law and the democratic constitution. When they decided to oppose it, Wels volunteered to give the speech against Hitler, saying "I will do it. (...) This is about the party and the honour of the party."[10]
Speech in opposition
Wels gave his speech[11] on 23 March 1933, during the last session of the multi-party Reichstag. He began by agreeing with Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler's demand for equal treatment of Germany among the nations of the world and stated that he, Wels, "was the first German who stood up to the untruth of Germany’s guilt for the outbreak of the world war before an international forum". He went on to say that the SPD agreed with another statement of Hitler's, that "from the lunacy of the theory of eternal winners and losers came the madness of reparations and, in their wake, the catastrophe of the world economy". He then quoted from the speech that Chancellor Gustav Bauer of the SPD gave on 23 July 1919 following the resignation of the Scheidemann cabinet in protest against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles:
We are defenseless; defenseless but not without honor [Wehrlos ist aber nicht ehrlos]. To be sure, the enemies are after our honor, there is no doubt. However, that this attempt at defamation will one day redound back upon the instigators, that it is not our honor that is being destroyed by this global catastrophe, that is our belief to the last breath.
Wels used Bauer's words in order to turn them against Hitler and the Nazis. Equal treatment, he argued, is as necessary for a nation internally as it is internationally. Defeated political opponents cannot be proscribed: "Freedom and life can be taken from us, but not our honor." He went on to enumerate the major accomplishments of the SPD in the Weimar Reichstag and accused the National Socialists of being nationalist but not socialist. If they were socialist, he said, they would have the people behind them and not need an Enabling Act. The SPD understood the Nazi's form of power politics and also that the people's sense of justice was a political power to which they would continue to appeal.
In this historic hour, we German Social Democrats solemnly pledge ourselves to the principles of humanity and justice, of freedom and socialism. No Enabling Act gives you the power to destroy ideas that are eternal and indestructible. ... German social democracy will draw new strength also from the latest persecutions. We greet the persecuted and the oppressed. We greet our friends in Germany. Your steadfastness and loyalty deserve admiration. The courage of your convictions and your unbroken optimism guarantee a brighter future.
All 94 SPD members of the Reichstag who were present voted against the act. Using the powers of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Nazis had detained several SPD deputies, and others had already fled into exile. The Communists had been banned and so could not vote. The rest of the Reichstag voted in favour. Nazi intimidation had worked so well that even if all 120 SPD deputies had been present and voted against it, the Enabling Act would have still passed with the required two-thirds majority for a constitutional amendment.
The passage of the Enabling Act marked the end of parliamentary democracy in Germany and formed the legal authority for Hitler's dictatorship. Within weeks of the passage of the Enabling Act, the Hitler government banned the SPD, and the other German political parties chose to dissolve to avoid persecution, making the Nazi Party the only legal political party in Germany.
Exile and death
In June 1933, Wels went into exile in the Territory of the Saar Basin, which at the time was under League of Nations control. From there he moved to exile in Prague,[12] where he established the Sopade, the exile organization of the SPD. In August 1933, he was deprived of his German citizenship.
As a result of the Munich Agreement, Wels had to leave Prague and went to Paris at the end of 1938, where he died on 16 September 1939 at the age of 66. He was buried in the Cimetière Nouveau cemetery at Châtenay-Malabry.
Legacy
In his memoirs, the former chancellor Heinrich Brüning described Otto Wels as "Germany's bravest man in the fight against Hitler".[13]
References
^ abcWörmann, Heinrich-Wilhelm. "Berlin Widerstand 1933–1945 Köpenick und Treptow" [Berlin Resistance 1933–1945 Köpenick und Treptow] (PDF). Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (in German). p. 61. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
^Smaldone, William (16 December 2008). Confronting Hitler: German Social Democrats in Defense of the Weimar Republic, 1929-1933. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 227. ISBN9780739132111.
^Wolfgang, Niess (2017). Die Revolution von 1918/19 (in German). Haan: Europa-Verlag. pp. 25–27. ISBN978-3-95890-074-5.
^Joachim, Käppner (2017). 1918 – Aufstand für die Freiheit: Die Revolution der Besonnenen [1918 – Uprising for Freedom: The Revolution of the Prudent] (in German). Munich: Piper. pp. 264 ff. ISBN978-3492235686.
^Clark, Christopher (2007). Preußen. Aufstieg und Niedergang. 1600–1947 [Prussia. Rise and Fall. 1600–1947] (in German). Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 710. ISBN978-3-421-05392-3.
^Winkler, Heinrich August (1993). Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie [Weimar 1918–1933. The History of the First German Democracy] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 54. ISBN978-3406376467.
^ abcMichaelis, Andreas (14 September 2014). "Otto Wels 1873–1939". Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 11 September 2023.
^"Heinrich Brüning". Internet-Portal "Westfälische Geschichte" (in German). 26 October 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
