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Oxygen difluoride

Oxygen difluoride
Structure and dimensions of the oxygen difluoride molecule
Space-filling model of the oxygen difluoride molecule
Names
IUPAC name
Oxygen difluoride
Other names
  • Oxygen fluoride
  • Hypofluorous anhydride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.087 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 231-996-7
RTECS number
  • RS2100000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/F2O/c1-3-2 checkY
    Key: UJMWVICAENGCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/F2O/c1-3-2
    Key: UJMWVICAENGCRF-UHFFFAOYAI
  • FOF
Properties
OF2
Molar mass 53.9962 g/mol
Appearance colorless gas, pale yellow liquid when condensed
Odor peculiar, foul
Density
  • 1.90 g/cm3 (−224 °C, liquid)
  • 1.719 g/cm3 (−183 °C, liquid)
  • 1.521 g/cm3 (liquid at −145 °C)
  • 1.88 g/L (gas at room temperature)
Melting point −223.8 °C (−370.8 °F; 49.3 K)
Boiling point −144.75 °C (−228.55 °F; 128.40 K)
hydrolyzes[1] slowly
Vapor pressure 48.9 atm (at −58.0 °C or −72.4 °F or 215.2 K[a])
Thermochemistry
43.3 J/mol K
247.46 J/mol K
24.5 kJ mol−1
41.8 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:[4]
GHS03: OxidizingGHS05: CorrosiveGHS06: Toxic
Danger
H270, H314, H330
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gasFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxideSpecial hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate
4
0
3
OX
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
  • 2.6 ppm (rat, 1 hour)
  • 1.5 ppm (mouse, 1 hour)
  • 26 ppm (dog, 1 hour)
  • 16 ppm (monkey, 1 hour)
[3]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 0.05 ppm (0.1 mg/m3)[2]
REL (Recommended)
 C 0.05 ppm (0.1 mg/m3)[2]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 0.5 ppm[2]
Related compounds
Related compounds
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Oxygen difluoride is a chemical compound with the formula OF2. As predicted by VSEPR theory, the molecule adopts a bent molecular geometry. It is a strong oxidizer and has attracted attention in rocketry for this reason.[5] With a boiling point of −144.75 °C, OF2 is the most volatile (isolable) triatomic compound.[6] The compound is one of many known oxygen fluorides.

Preparation

Oxygen difluoride was first reported in 1929; it was obtained by the electrolysis of molten potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid containing small quantities of water.[7][8] The modern preparation entails the reaction of fluorine with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, with sodium fluoride as a side-product:

2 F2 + 2 NaOH → OF2 + 2 NaF + H2O

Structure and bonding

It is a covalently bonded molecule with a bent molecular geometry and a F-O-F bond angle of 103 degrees. Its powerful oxidizing properties are suggested by the oxidation number of +2 for the oxygen atom instead of its normal −2.

Reactions

Above 200 °C, OF2 decomposes to oxygen and fluorine by a radical mechanism.

2 OF2 → O2 + 2 F2

OF2 reacts with many metals to yield oxides and fluorides. Nonmetals also react: phosphorus reacts with OF2 to form PF5 and POF3; sulfur gives SO2 and SF4; and unusually for a noble gas, xenon reacts (at elevated temperatures) yielding XeF4 and xenon oxyfluorides.

Oxygen difluoride reacts very slowly with water to form hydrofluoric acid:

OF2 + H2O → 2 HF + O2

It can oxidize sulphur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and elemental fluorine:

OF2 + SO2 → SO3 + F2

However, in the presence of UV radiation, the products are sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) and pyrosulfuryl fluoride (S2O5F2):

OF2 + 2 SO2 → S2O5F2

Safety

Oxygen difluoride is considered an unsafe gas due to its oxidizing properties. It reacts explosively with water.[9] Hydrofluoric acid produced by the hydrolysis of OF2 with water is highly corrosive and toxic, capable of causing necrosis, leaching calcium from the bones and causing cardiovascular damage, among a host of other highly toxic effects. Other acute poisoning effects include: pulmonary edema, bleeding lungs, headaches, etc.[10] Chronic exposure to oxygen difluoride, like that of other chemicals that release fluoride ions, can lead to fluorosis and other symptoms of chronic fluoride poisoning. Oxygen difluoride may be associated with kidney damage.[10] The maximum workplace exposure limit is 0.05 ppm.[11][10]

In Robert L. Forward's science fiction novel Camelot 30K, oxygen difluoride was used as a biochemical solvent by fictional life forms living in the solar system's Kuiper belt. While OF2 would be a solid at 30 K, the fictional alien lifeforms were described as endothermic, maintaining elevated body temperatures and liquid OF2 blood by radiothermal heating.

Notes

  1. ^ This is its critical temperature, which is below ordinary room temperature.

References

  1. ^ "difluorine monoxide; oxygen difluoride, physical properties, suppliers, CAS, MSDS, structure, Molecular Formula, Molecular Weight, Solubility, boiling point, melting point". www.chemyq.com.
  2. ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0475". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. ^ "Oxygen difluoride". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  4. ^ GHS: GESTIS 570242
  5. ^ "Oxygen Difluoride - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  6. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 819. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  7. ^ Lebeau, P.; Damiens, A. (1929). "Sur un nouveau mode de préparation du fluorure d'oxygène" [A new method of preparation of oxygen fluoride]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 188: 1253–1255. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  8. ^ Lebeau, P.; Damiens, A. (1927). "Sur l'existence d'un composé oxygéné du fluor" [The existence of an oxygen compound of fluorine]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 185: 652–654. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  9. ^ "OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE | CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA". cameochemicals.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  10. ^ a b c www.kdocs.cn https://www.kdocs.cn/singleSign4CST?cb=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdocs.cn%2Fl%2Fcn9j8vXb7Gq3%3Ff%3D201&ts=1715699652. Retrieved 2024-05-14. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Oxygen difluoride". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
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