Painting in the Americas before European colonization

Painting in the Americas before European colonization is the Precolumbian painting traditions of the Americas. Painting was a relatively widespread, popular and diverse means of communication and expression for both religious and utilitarian purpose throughout the regions of the Western Hemisphere. During the period before and after European exploration and settlement of the Americas; including North America, Central America, South America and the islands of the Caribbean, the Bahamas, the West Indies, the Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and other island groups, indigenous native cultures produced a wide variety of visual arts, including painting on textiles, hides, rock and cave surfaces, bodies especially faces, ceramics, architectural features including interior murals, wood panels, and other available surfaces. Many of the perishable surfaces, such as woven textiles, typically have not been preserved, but Precolumbian painting on ceramics, walls, and rocks have survived more frequently.

The oldest known paintings in the South America are the cave paintings of Caverna da Pedra Pintada, in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest that date back 11,200 years.^[1] The earliest known painting in North America is the Cooper Bison Skull found near Fort Supply, Oklahoma, dated to 10,200 BCE.^[2]

Each continent of the Americas hosted societies that were unique and individually developed cultures; that produced totems, works of religious symbolism, and decorative and expressive painted works. African influence was especially strong in the art of the Caribbean and South America. The arts of the indigenous people of the Americas had an enormous impact and influence on European art and vice versa during and after the Age of Exploration. Spain, Portugal, France, The Netherlands and England were all powerful and influential colonial powers in the Americas during and after the 15th century. By the 19th century cultural influence began to flow both ways across the Atlantic.

The murals of Teotihuacan that adorn the archaeological site (and others, like the Wagner Murals, found in private collections) and from hieroglyphic inscriptions made by the Maya describing their encounters with Teotihuacano conquerors are the source of most of what is understood about that ancient civilization. The painting of the murals, perhaps thousands of them, reached its zenith between 450 and 650 CE. The painters' artistry was unrivalled in Mesoamerica and has been compared with that of Florence, Italy.^[3]

A series of murals were found in the Tepantitla compound in Teotihuacan. In 1942, archaeologist Alfonso Caso identified the central figures as a Teotihuacan equivalent of Tlaloc, the Mesoamerican god of rain and warfare. During the 1970s researcher Esther Pasztory re-examined the murals and concluded that many paintings of "Tlaloc" instead showed a feminine deity, an analysis based on a number of factors including the gender of accompanying figures, the green bird in the headdress, and the spiders seen above the figure.^[4] Pasztory concluded that the figures represented a vegetation and fertility goddess that was a predecessor of the much later Aztec goddess Xochiquetzal.

The Great Goddess has since been identified at locations other than Tepantitla – including Teotihuacan's Tetitla compound, the Palace of the Jaguars, and the Temple of Agriculture – as well as on several vessels.^[5]

Large painted Mayan murals were found in the archaeological site Bonampak, in the Lacandon Jungle of the Mexican state of Chiapas. What is referred to as The Temple of the Murals is a long narrow building with 3 rooms atop a low-stepped pyramid base. The interior walls preserve the finest examples of classic Maya painting. Huge paintings cover the walls of one of the structure's three rooms. The paintings show the story of a single battle and its victorious outcome.^[6]

Inside the building 1 of the Chiik Naab acropolis of the Maya city of Calakmul a large pyramidal substructre was found fully covered with ancient mural paintings. The murals of Chiik Naab represent daily life scenes of the ancient Maya society, a rarely represented topic that gives the murals a high level of importance since the vast majority of Maya pictorial representations are either ceremonial, religious or political topics mostly glorifying the image of deities or rulers while the Chiik Naab murals represent the scenes of a Maya market like merchants offering different traditional dishes of tamale or atole while others consume them.^[7]

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  Great Goddess of Teotihuacan mural from the site at Tetitla, Mexico
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  Mural from the Complex of Tepantitla in Teotihuacan, a reproduction in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City
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  Mural of the Jaguars compound in Teotihuacan.
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  Reconstruction of the Tomb 105 from Monte Alban.
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  Portic A from Cacaxtla, represent the Man-jaguar
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  Detail from the Red Temple, c.600–700, Cacaxtla
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  A Mayan mural from Bonampak, Mexico, 580–800 AD.
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  A Mayan mural from Bonampak, 580–800 AD
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  A Mayan mural from the Chiik Naab acropolis of Calakmul, 650–700 AD
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  A Mayan mural from the Chiik Naab acropolis of Calakmul, 650–700 AD
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  A Mayan mural from San Bartolo, Pre-Classical period (1–250 AD)
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  Painting on the Lord of the jaguar pelt throne vase, a scene of the Maya court, 700–800 AD.
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  Painting on a Maya vase from the Late Classical Period (600–900)
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  Painted pottery figurine of a King from the burial site at Jaina Island, Mayan art, 400–800 AD
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  Painted relief of the Maya site Palenque, featuring the son of K'inich Ahkal Mo' Naab' III (678–730s?, r. 722–729).
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  Painting from a Dresden Codex.
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  A Mixtec painting from the Codex Zouche-Nuttall.
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  An Aztec painting from the Codex Borgia, represent a Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl.
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  An Aztec painting from the Codex Borbonicus, represent a Tlaloc.
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  A painting from Matrícula de Tributos showing the Ichcahuipilli, Mexico.
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  A painting from Codex Mendoza showing the Aztec legend of the foundation of Tenochtitlán, c.1553

The Nazca culture of Peru produced painted pottery and painted ceramics depicting religious and symbolic characters as well as imagery of personages within the culture.^[8] They produced in addition to ceramics, highly complex textiles and Geoglyphs. The period from 1-700 A.D is generally considered when this group thrived. Modern knowledge about the culture of the Nazca is built upon the study of Cahuachi the ceremonial center from (1-500 AD).

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  Moche murals from the Huaca de la Luna site, Peru, 100–700 AD.
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  A Moche mural of a decapitator from the Huaca de la Luna site, Peru, 100–700 AD.
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  Mural in Huaca Cao Viejo, in Peru.
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  Killer Whale, slip glazed pottery, Nazca culture, 300 BC–800 AD, Larco Museum. Lima, Peru
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  Painted pottery from the Huari culture of Peru, 500–1200 AD
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  Peruvian Bowl c. Pre-Columbian, Museum of the Nation, Lima, Peru
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  Peruvian Calabas

Main: Native American art

In the area now part of the United States, many different and diverse Native American tribes of people created painting and ornamental painted objects of a large variety. The oldest known example is the Cooper Bison skull, which was painted with a red zigzag circa 10,200 BCE in present-day Oklahoma.^[9] Body painting, rock art, hide painting flourished in ancient North America, as well as painting on ceramics, textiles, and other surfaces.

Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) of the American Southwest have a longstanding tradition of painting interior murals and ceramics, as did the Mogollon culture, ancestors of Zuni and Hopi tribes, who lived in an area near the Gila Wilderness. The Fremont culture of Utah are known for their abundant rock paintings throughout Utah, particularly those at Range Creek Canyon.^[10] The Patayan typically painted ceramics with a red slip. The Hohokam, ancestors of the Akimel O'odham and Tohono O'odham, are known for their red-on-buff painted ceramics.^[11] Casa Grande Ruins National Monument is the best known monument of Hohokam culture.

Native Americans in California created many pieces and environments of rock art. The most elaborate and artistic painted pictographs being the Rock art of the Chumash people, and petroglyphs those of the Coso people in the Coso Rock Art District.^[12]

Ancient Northwest Coast art features formline painting on woven items and wood; however, few of these items survived the centuries the temperate rainforest climate.

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  Pictograph, southeastern Utah, ca. 1200 BCE Early Basketmaker II Era
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  The Great Gallery, Pictographs, Canyonlands National Park, Horseshoe Canyon, Utah, 15 feet by 200 feet, ca. 1500 BCE
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  Ancestral Pueblo ceramic canteen, excavated from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, ce. 700 CE–1100 CE
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  Painted ceramic jug showing the underwater panther from the Mississippian culture, found at Rose Mound in Cross County, Arkansas, ca. 1400-1600 CE.

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  A totem pole in Totem Park, Victoria, British Columbia.
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  From Totem Park, Victoria, British Columbia.

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  Taíno petroglyph overlaid with chalk, Caguana Indigenous Ceremonial Center, Utuado, Puerto Rico.

• Millon, Clara; Millon, Rene; Pasztory, Esther; Seligman, Thomas K. (1988) Feathered Serpents and Flowering Trees: Reconstructing the Murals of Teotihuacan, Kathleen Berrin, ed., Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco.
• Dale M. Brown ed. Lost Civilizations: The Magnificent Maya. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life books, 1993.
• Carol Kaufmann. 2003. "Maya Masterwork". National Geographic December 2003: 70-77.
• Constantino Reyes-Valerio, "De Bonampak al Templo Mayor, Historia del Azul Maya en Mesoamerica", Siglo XXI Editores, 1993.
• Davies, Nigel (1982). The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico. England: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-013587-1.
• Pasztory, Esther (1971). "The Murals of Tepantitla, Teotihuacan" (PhD thesis). Columbia University.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• Pasztory, Esther (1977). "The Gods of Teotihuacan: A Synthetic Approach in Teotihuacan Iconography". In Alana Cordy-Collins; Jean Stern (eds.). Pre-Columbian Art History: Selected Readings. Palo Alto, CA: Peek Publications. pp. 81–95. ISBN 0-917962-41-9. OCLC 3843930.
• Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, “Making Sense of the Pre-Columbian,” Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820 (2015). http://www.fordham.edu/vistas.

• Web page of the Maya Blue Pigment
• Maya Art with Photos
• "Hieroglyphs and History at Copán" article by Mayanist epigrapher David Stuart at the Peabody Museum
• Teotihuacan Research Guide, academic resources and links, maintained by Temple University
• Teotihuacán Photo Gallery
• Mesoamerican Photo Archives: Teotihuacán, by David Hixson
• Teotihuacan Mural Art: Assessing the Accuracy of its Interpretation