River Raisin

River Raisin
Rivière Aux Raisins
River Raisin; Rivière Aux Raisins
	The River Raisin flowing through Monroe
	Location of the River Raisin in Michigan
Location
Country	United States
State	Michigan
Counties	Jackson, Lenawee, Monroe, Washtenaw
Settlements	Blissfield, Brooklyn, Clinton, Deerfield, Dundee, Manchester, Monroe, Petersburg, Tecumseh
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Rollin Township, Michigan
• coordinates	42°01′29″N 84°16′05″W / 42.02472°N 84.26806°W
• elevation	1,043 ft (318 m)
Mouth	Lake Erie
• location	Monroe, Michigan
• coordinates	41°53′31″N 83°20′12″W / 41.89194°N 83.33667°W
• elevation	571 ft (174 m)
Length	139 mi (224 km)
Basin size	1,072 sq mi (2,780 km2)
Discharge
• average	741 cu ft/s (21.0 m3/s)

The River Raisin (Ottawa: Nummasepee, "River of Sturgeon") is a 135-mile-long (217 km) river in southeast Michigan, United States, that flows in a generally easterly direction through glacial sediments before emptying into Lake Erie. The River Raisin drainage basin covers approximately 1,072 square miles (2,780 km²) in the Michigan counties of Monroe, Lenawee, Washtenaw, Jackson, and Hillsdale, along with Fulton County in northwest Ohio.^[1]

Today, the land within its bounds is primarily used for agriculture, and light industry. Historically, the river served as a canoe transportation route for various Native American tribes, and for French Canadian Voyageurs. The river's English name comes from the French Rivière aux Raisins (translated as "River of Grapes"), in reference to the wild grapes growing along its banks.^[2]

History and geography

The River Raisin was used by local Potawatomi and Wyandot peoples, who had a portage between the upper river to gain access into the Grand and Kalamazoo rivers flowing west toward Lake Michigan. The river is still classified as canoeable throughout its length. But, low gradient, access issues, frequent logjams in the upper reaches, and 22 dams on the mainstream limit its recreational use.^[3]

The first European settlers along the river were French Canadians, who in the 1780s developed their traditional ribbon farms in Frenchtown. These had narrow fronts on the river so that more farmers would have access, with deep rectangular lots reaching back from the river. Now part of Monroe, Michigan, this area is still the most populous area along the river. The resort area of Irish Hills lies in the uppermost region of the watershed, which includes 429 lakes and ponds. The largest of these is the 800-acre (3.2 km²) Lake Columbia.

During the winter of 1813 as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of Frenchtown occurred near the river. Great Britain and their allied Native American troops under the command of British General Henry Procter and Native American chiefs Roundhead, Walks in Water, and Split Log, fought against a division of ill-trained Kentucky infantry and militia under command of General James Winchester. Cut off and surrounded, and facing total slaughter, Winchester surrendered with British assurances of safety for the prisoners. The British and Potawatomi allies marched those who could walk to Detroit, to be held as prisoners of war.

The next day, however, many of the severely wounded prisoners left in Frenchtown were killed by the Native Americans allies of the British. The Massacre of the River Raisin became a rallying cry ("Remember the Raisin") for Americans in the war, particularly for Kentuckians. United States troops returned in the spring to drive the British from Michigan forever. The original battlefield was preserved for years as a county park in Monroe, Michigan. It has several monuments erected to the Kentucky soldiers who died there.

On October 12, 2010, the land was transferred from the state to the federal government. By Congressional authorization, it is the only National Battlefield Park designating a battlefield of the War of 1812 - the River Raisin National Battlefield Park.^[4]

Since industrialization and intensified agriculture, the river has been polluted by industrial wastes and agricultural runoff. While cleanup efforts have mitigated some of the pollution, difficult-to-remove PCBs continue to constitute a hazardous waste. An established Area of Concern covers only 2 square miles (5.2 km²) of the watershed at the mouth of the river, much of which is devoted to industrial and harbor use, including the Ford Motor Company plant, Detroit Edison Monroe powerplant, and the Port of Monroe.^[5] Environmental authorities advise people not to eat some species of fish from the river, if taken below the outlet of the Monroe Dam.^[6]

The river has many small dams to control water flow. These were erected to power the many paper mills constructed along it in the mid-1800s during the lumber boom. They are also products of Henry Ford's rural industry program. While most of the dams are in Monroe, the most significant one is located in Dundee, Michigan. The Port of Monroe was constructed near the mouth of the river in the 1930s, as a needed infrastructure project sponsored by the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration during the Great Depression.

Flooding along the river has three causes: heavy rains, ice dams developing during spring break-up, and on-shore winds pushing Lake Erie waters upstream. The worst flood was recorded on March 16, 1982, at 15,300 cu ft/s (430 m³/s), compared to an average mean flow of 741 cu ft/s (21.0 m³/s). Flooding affects mostly the lowest portions of the river. By contrast on July 13, 1988, during a severe drought, a measuring station found 0 cu ft/s (0 m³/s) of water flow.

Most of the flow of the river is diverted through the Detroit Edison plant and discharged into Plum Creek. Previously it was discharged into the river, but it is now diverted to limit additional pollution of the river mouth area. The power plant's peak use of 3,000 cu ft/s (85 m³/s) of water exceeds the river's average flow of 741 cu ft/s (21.0 m³/s), so on some occasions, water is drawn upstream from Lake Erie into the plant. The high level of industrial water use is thought to kill large numbers of fish in the intake screens and to make fish migration from the river into the Great Lakes almost impossible.^[3]^[7]

In 2013 U.S. Rep. Tim Walberg, along with the entire Michigan delegation, introduced a resolution (H. Res. 37, 113th Congress) to honor the 200th anniversary of the battles at the River Raisin.^[8]

Tributaries

In addition to the river forming from the Upper River Raisin and the South Branch River Raisin, the following streams flow into the River Raisin:^[9]

Goose Creek
Black Creek
Evans Creek
Iron Creek
Little River Raisin
Macon Creek
Saline River

Islands

The Eagle Island Marsh is part of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge.

Flora and fauna

The River Raisin is home to "warm-water" fish including bluegill, white sucker, channel catfish, walleye, carp, white bass, black buffalo, freshwater drum and smallmouth bass. Very few fish migrate between the river and the Great Lakes because they are blocked by the seven dams in Monroe, as well as the power plant intakes.^[3] Bird species use the area as part of the migratory flyway along eastern Lake Erie; they include bald eagles, sandhill cranes, ducks and seagulls. Invasive fauna include zebra mussels and rusty crayfish. The threatened American lotus is present in Eagle Island Marsh, but it must compete with several invasive plant species in the watershed, including flowering rush, Eurasian milfoil, curlyleaf pondweed, Phragmites and purple loosestrife.^[5]

Communities

Cities and villages along the river include:

Crossings

River Raisin crossings are located in communities within four counties of Michigan.

List of crossings
Name	Type	Location	County
I-75 (Detroit–Toledo Freeway)	Interstate Highway	Monroe	Monroe
Winchester Parkway	Local road
Macomb Street	Local road
M-125 (Monroe Street)	Michigan highway
Roessler Street	Local road
US 24 (Telegraph Road)	U.S. Route
Raisinville Road	Local road	Monroe Twp./ Frenchtown Twp.
Ida–Maybee Road	Local road	Raisinville Twp.
M-50 (Monroe Street)	Michigan highway	Dundee
US 23	U.S. Route	Dundee
Petersburg Road	Local road	Petersburg/ Summerfield Twp.
Railroad Street/Deerfield Road	Local road	Petersburg/ Summerfield Twp.
Rodesiler Highway	Local road	Deerfield Twp.	Lenawee
US 223 (Adrian Street)	U.S. Route	Blissfield
Crockett Highway	Local road	Palmyra Twp.
US 223	U.S. Route
Deerfield Road	Local road
Academy Road	Local road
Laberdee Road	Local road	Raisin Twp.
Wilmoth Highway	Local road
Raisin Center Highway	Local road
Sutton Road	Local road
Russell Road	Local road	Tecumseh
M-50 (Chicago Boulevard)	Michigan highway
Evans Street	Local road
Staib Road	Local road	Clinton Twp.
US 12 (Michigan Avenue)	U.S. Route	Clinton
Allen Road	Local road	Bridgewater Twp.	Washtenaw
Wilbur Road	Local road	Bridgewater Twp.
Austin Road	Local road	Manchester Twp.
M-52 (City Road)	Michigan highway	Manchester
Duncan Street	Local road
Main Street	Local road
Sharon Valley Road	Local road	Sharon Twp.
Sharon Hollow Road	Local road
Sharon Valley Road	Local road
Pierce Road	Local road	Norvell Twp.	Jackson
Mill Road	Local road
Austin Road	Local road
Palmer Road/Wolf Lake Road	Local road	Columbia Twp.
Mill Street	Local road	Brooklyn
M-124 (Wampers Lake Road)	Michigan highway	Columbia Twp.
Daugherty Road	Local road
Monroe Pike Road	Local road
M-50 (Brooklyn Road)	Michigan highway
US 12 (Michigan Avenue)	U.S. Route	Cambridge Twp.	Lenawee
Miller Highway	Local road	Woodstock Twp.	Lenawee
Source: ^[10]

References

^ River Raisin Watershed Information, River Raisin Watershed Council, 2010
^ A.C. Quisenberry, "A Hundred Years Ago: the River Raisin", Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Sept 1913, p.18
^ ^a ^b ^c River Raisin Assessment, Kenneth E. Dodge, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, October 1998
^ Anderson, Elisha. "Monroe hands over battlefield land for national park". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
^ ^a ^b Delisting Targets for Fish/Wildlife Habitat & Population Related Beneficial Use Impairments for the River Raisin Area of Concern, Environmental Consulting and Technology, November 20, 2008
^ 2010 MICHIGAN FISH ADVISORY, MDCH Division of Environmental Health, 2010 - River Raisin, below Monroe Dam: no consumption of carp, channel cat, larger white bass; limited consumption of black buffalo, freshwater drum, smallmouth bass, smaller white bass.
^ The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Biennial Remedial Action Plan Update for the River Raisin Area of Concern, Michelle D. Selzer, Water Bureau, Aquatic Nuisance Control & Remedial Action Unit, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, December 19, 2006
^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hres37ih/pdf/BILLS-113hres37ih.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ River Raisin Watershed Hydrologic Study, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, February 17, 2006
^ "Items of Interest: A listing of maps/forms that are of public interest". Tecumseh, Michigan: River Raisin Watershed Council. Retrieved June 17, 2024.