T-box transcription factor TBX1 also known as T-box protein 1 and testis-specific T-box protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX1gene.[5] Genes in the T-box family are transcription factors that play important roles in the formation of tissues and organs during embryonic development.[6] To carry out these roles, proteins made by this gene family bind to specific areas of DNA called T-box binding element (TBE)[6] to control the expression of target genes.
Gene
The TBX1 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 11.21, from base pair 18,118,779 to base pair 18,145,669.[5]
Function
The T-box 1 protein appears to be necessary for the normal development of large arteries that carry blood out of the heart, muscles and bones of the face and neck, and glands such as the thymus and parathyroid.[7][8] Although the T-box 1 protein acts as a transcription factor, it is not yet known which genes are regulated by the protein.
TBX1 is thought to operate on the same developmental pathway as CHD7 which can be mutated in CHARGE syndrome. [9]
Clinical significance
Most cases of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are caused by the deletion of a small piece of chromosome 22. This region of the chromosome contains about 30 genes, including the TBX1 gene. In a small number of affected individuals without a chromosome 22 deletion, mutations in the TBX1 gene are thought to be responsible for the characteristic signs and symptoms of the syndrome. Of the three known mutations, two mutations change one amino acid (a building block of proteins) in the T-box 1 protein. The third mutation deletes a single amino acid from the protein. These mutations likely disrupt the ability of the T-box 1 protein to bind to DNA and regulate the activity of other genes.[10][11][12]
Loss of the TBX1 gene, due to either a mutation in the gene or a deletion of part of chromosome 22, is responsible for many of the features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Specifically, a loss of the TBX1 gene is associated with heart defects, an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate), distinctive facial features, and low calcium levels, but does not appear to cause learning disabilities.[13][14]
Mutation in TBX1 causes predisposition to hernias.[15]
^ abBollag RJ, Siegfried Z, Cebra-Thomas JA, Garvey N, Davison EM, Silver LM (July 1994). "An ancient family of embryonically expressed mouse genes sharing a conserved protein motif with the T locus". Nature Genetics. 7 (3): 383–389. doi:10.1038/ng0794-383. PMID7920656. S2CID32296875.
^Jerome LA, Papaioannou VE (March 2001). "DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice mutant for the T-box gene, Tbx1". Nature Genetics. 27 (3): 286–291. doi:10.1038/85845. PMID11242110. S2CID21030663.
^Lindsay EA, Vitelli F, Su H, Morishima M, Huynh T, Pramparo T, et al. (March 2001). "Tbx1 haploinsufficieny in the DiGeorge syndrome region causes aortic arch defects in mice". Nature. 410 (6824): 97–101. doi:10.1038/35065105. PMID11242049. S2CID41144744.
^Yamagishi H, Srivastava D (September 2003). "Unraveling the genetic and developmental mysteries of 22q11 deletion syndrome". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 9 (9): 383–389. doi:10.1016/S1471-4914(03)00141-2. PMID13129704.
^Zhang Y, Han Q, Li C, Li W, Fan H, Xing Q, Yan B (February 2014). "Genetic analysis of the TBX1 gene promoter in indirect inguinal hernia". Gene. 535 (2): 290–293. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.012. PMID24295890.
