Thalys was created out of a political ambition formalised in October 1987 to establish a network of international high-speed railway services between the cities of Paris, Brussels, Cologne and Amsterdam. The Thalys name was created in January 1995. The company procured a fleet of Alstom-built TGV trains to operate its services as they were viewed as the only existing rolling stock suitable to the task.
On 4 June 1996, the first Thalys-branded train departed from Paris. Early services were more reliant on slower conventional lines as many of the intended new high-speed lines were still under construction. Service speeds would improve with the opening of Belgium's HSL 1 line in December 1997 and the Dutch HSL-Zuid in December 2009, alongside other infrastructure works. Thalys's busiest route was the Paris–Belgium corridor; various airlines, such as Air France and KLM, opted to discontinue flights directly competing with Thalys's high speed services.
From 1996 to April 2022, the service was managed by Thalys International, which was 70% owned by the French national railway company SNCF and 30% owned by the Belgian national railway company NMBS/SNCB.[1] It was operated by THI Factory, which was 60% owned by SNCF and 40% owned by NMBS/SNCB.[2] Between 2007 and 2013, the German national railway company Deutsche Bahn had also held a 10% stake in the company.
On 30 March 2015, Thalys was restructured as a conventional train operating company, becoming less reliant on SNCF and NMBS/SNCB. During September 2019, a plan was announced to merge Thalys and the cross-Channel high-speed train operator Eurostar. Approval of the merger was issued by the European Commission on 28 March 2022. In February 2022, Thalys International was integrated into THI Factory,[3] which in turn was acquired by the holding company Eurostar Group during the following month. From April 2022 to September 2023, Thalys services were operated by the Eurostar Group. Since 29 September 2023, the services operate under the Eurostar name; sometimes referred to as Eurostar Red, based on the colour of the trains.
History
Background and establishment
Prior to the creation of Thalys, an express rail service had long been operated between the capital cities of Paris and Brussels, the earliest being run in 1924 in the form of the train service l'Étoile du Nord. By the 1970s, the conventional service connecting the two cities had a journey time of around two hours and 30 minutes.[citation needed] In the following decade, interest in an international high-speed train service along a similar route was gaining traction amongst various governments.[4]
During October 1987, the political decision to create a network of high-speed services between the cities of Paris, Brussels, Cologne, and Amsterdam was made in Brussels.[4] However, in 1991, the Dutch parliament initially rejected the project; continued discussions led to an agreement being reached with Belgium for a route via Breda instead of Roosendaal. The building of the HSL-Zuid high speed line in the Netherlands was finally approved in 1996.[4] Meanwhile, Germany decided against the construction of a new railway between Aachen and Cologne, instead opting to renovate the existing track between Duren and Cologne, which resulted in a top speed of 250 kilometres per hour along this section.[4] On 28 January 1993, SNCF, SNCB/NMBS,[2]Nederlandse Spoorwegen and Deutsche Bundesbahn (which became part of Deutsche Bahn in 1994) signed an agreement to operate the axis on a joint basis.[5]
During January 1995, Westrail International was created by the French and Belgian national railways to operate the new international services. That same month, both the logo and brand of Thalys were also created; the word deliberately lacked any particular meaning, save for being pronounceable in the languages of all the countries served.[4] It was decided to procure Alstom-built TGV trains, similar to those already used by SNCF on the French national railways, as these were the only suitable rolling stock available at the time. Another key decision was to launch the service in advance of many of the planned high speed lines, being initially reliant upon slower conventional lines until these were eventually completed; the existing international services that used conventional rolling stock were deliberately withdrawn in preparation for the running of Thalys trains in early June 1996.[4]
On 4 June 1996, the first Thalys-branded train departed Paris, this maiden journey took two hours and seven minutes to reach to Brussels, and four hours and 47 minutes to arrive in Amsterdam.[6] Initially, Thalys services only operated four times per day to Amsterdam and Cologne, while a far greater volume were run between Paris and Belgium. While quite restricted early on, the number of Thalys services would be gradually expanded over time, as would the high speed network that supported it.[4]
Changes and improvements
During December 1997, the Belgian HSL 1 line, allowing 300 km/h (186 mph) and running from the French border to the outskirts of Brussels, was inaugurated.[4] On 14 December 1997, the first Thalys train from Paris to Brussels ran on the HSL 1, reducing travel time to 1:25 hours. At the same time, service commenced to Cologne and Aachen in Germany, and Bruges, Charleroi, Ghent, Mons, Namur and Ostend in Belgium. On 19 December 1998, the Thalys Neige service started to the ski resorts of Tarentaise Valley and Bourg-Saint-Maurice. In May 1999, the new high-speed line serving Charles de Gaulle Airport opened, and Thalys started direct services from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport to Brussels, including codeshare agreements with Air France, American Airlines and Northwest Airlines. On 28 November 1999, Westrail International changed its name to Thalys International.[7]
In 2000, Thalys started a daily service between Brussels and Geneva. With its Thalys Soleil (French for 'Thalys Sun'), it started offering direct connections to Provence, initially to Valence, and extended to Avignon and Marseille in 2002. Service between Brussels and Cologne was improved in December 2002 when trains began running on the new HSL 2 in Belgium. During 2003, Thalys services started to Brussels Airport and the Thalys Nuits d'Été service to Marne-la-Vallée. In 2007, Deutsche Bahn purchased a 10% shareholding, while SNCF reduced its stake to 62% and SNCB to 28%.[6][8]
Beginning on 14 June 2009, the journey between Brussels and Cologne was shortened by 19 minutes when the new high-speed line HSL 3 between Liège and Aachen opened using Deutsche Bahn's thrice-daily ICE trains running between Brussels and Frankfurt.[9] While HSL 3 was completed during 2007, Thalys trains had not been initially equipped with the European Train Control System (ETCS) signaling equipment necessary to use the new line. Following the completion of installation and testing work, Thalys began operating on HSL 3 on 13 December 2009. For the same reasons, Thalys started operating on the HSL 4/HSL-Zuid high-speed line between Antwerp and Amsterdam on 13 December 2009, two years after the line's construction.[10]
Since 29 August 2011, one return journey to Cologne has been extended to Essen Hauptbahnhof,[11] and since 30 October 2011, one return journey to Brussels had been extended to Brussels National Airport.[12]
On 9 June 2013, Deutsche Bahn permanently ceased the sale of tickets for Thalys services, forcing affected travellers to purchase separate tickets. The company also opted to sell its 10 per cent shareholding in Thalys, marking a general parting of ways between the two operators.[13]
Since the winter 2013 schedule, Thalys has operated services stopping at Düsseldorf Airport station.[14] On 12 April 2014, it launched a regular service between Lille Europe and Amsterdam Centraal.[15]
At the end of March 2015, Thalys dropped the Paris – Oostende and the Paris – Brussels – Mons – Charleroi – Namur – Liège routes; this withdrawal was reportedly due to a lack of funding from the Belgian government.[16]
On 30 March 2015, Thalys was restructured as a conventional train operating company, adopting the name THI Factory, and has since operated under its own train operator certificate.[17] Prior to this date, the ownership of Thalys's 26 multi-voltage TGVs had been divided between the four national railway operators holding stakes in the company; they were transferred to the company at this point. These changes were promoted as making Thalys a truly independent company, reducing its interactions with both SNCF and SNCB; headquarters were established in Brussels, with a branch office in Paris.[18]
On 21 March 2016, services in Germany were extended to Dortmund.[19]
In March 2018, Thalys ceased all its operations from Lille-Europe, citing disappointing demand (despite lower-than-average ticket prices) and financial results.[citation needed]
Merger with Eurostar
Two Eurostar (formerly Thalys) trains coupled in Paris-Nord station on 19 October 2023: one of them still wears the Thalys logo.
In September 2019, the shareholders of the cross-Channel high speed train operator Eurostar and Thalys introduced a plan to merge the two companies, named project Green Speed. Both companies already operate in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, with Eurostar also operating in the United Kingdom, and Thalys also operating in Germany, while SNCF already held a majority stake in both operators. The project was promoted as reducing costs and providing a more seamless experience to passengers via the use of a single ticketing system and loyalty program.[20][21]
During September 2020, the merger between Thalys and Eurostar International was confirmed,[22][23][24] In October 2021, it was announced that, upon the completion of the merger, it was intended for all of Thalys's services to be rebranded as Eurostar.[25] On 28 March 2022, the European Commission approved the merger.[26] The rebranding of Thalys services commenced in the autumn of 2023, and is planned to be completed by early in 2024. All services of the Eurostar brand will carry a common Eurostar logo, but with the cross-channel trains retaining their dark blue livery, and Thalys's rolling stock retaining its deep red livery.[27] In April 2022, THI Factory was acquired by a new holding company, Eurostar Group; its former shareholders received a corresponding stake in the new holding company.[28][29]
The change of logo on the trains took time to complete; during a transition period, some PBA/PBKA trains with the new "Eurostar" logo could be seen together with others still wearing the older "Thalys" logo.
Routes
High-speed rail networks in Europe. Thalys line network shown in burgundy.
Beyond Brussels, the main cities Thalys trains reach are Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Liège, Aachen and Cologne. Trains to these destinations run partly on dedicated high-speed tracks, and partly on conventional tracks shared with normal-speed trains. The high-speed lines used by Thalys are HSL 1 between Paris and Brussels, HSL 4/HSL-Zuid between Antwerp and Amsterdam, and the HSL 2 and HSL 3 between Brussels and Aachen. For its seasonal operations within France, other high-speed lines are used.
Journeys from Brussels (Brussels-South) to Paris (Gare du Nord) are normally 1 hour and 22 minutes, for a distance of approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi). The peak service speed is 300 km/h (186 mph) while travelling a dedicated high-speed railway track, which is typically electrified at 25 kV AC by an overhead line.
The ligne à grande vitesse (LGV) link with Charles de Gaulle Airport allowed Air France to withdraw its air service between Paris and Brussels; instead, Air France transfers connecting passengers onto Thalys trains.[30] Thalys has been given the IATA designator 2H. This is used in conjunction with American Airlines and Delta Air Lines. American Airlines has a code-sharing agreement with Thalys for rail service from Charles de Gaulle airport to Brussels-South. The airline allianceSkyTeam also has a code-sharing agreement with Thalys for rail service connecting its hub Amsterdam Schiphol Airport with Antwerp-Centraal and Bruxelles Midi/Brussel Zuid. Thalys and the Dutch flagcarrier KLM jointly collaborate on AirRail, an initiative to encourage passengers to travel by train to connect with KLM flights; this effort led to KLM reducing air services between Brussels and Amsterdam.[31][32]
Market
Thalys targets a passenger market in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany.
The percentage of income coming from different routes[33] demonstrates on which routes the company is most used:
Paris-Brussels: 55.6%
Paris-Belgium (outside Brussels): 8.9%
Paris-Belgium-Netherlands: 21.3%
Paris-Belgium-Germany: 11.8%
Others: 2.4%
52% of customers are from the leisure market, while 48% are from the business market. A large segment of Thalys's total sales and income comes from the connection between Paris and Brussels.[16]
Unlike many national train companies, Thalys does not allow children below 12 years old to travel alone. Children onboard Thalys services must be accompanied and possess appropriate travel documents as required by the relevant national authorities pertaining to the journey being made.[34]
Since 24 August 2010, there has been a supplement of €7 to Thalys (as well as other international high-speed tickets) tickets bought at SNCB/NMBS ticket offices at train stations (but not on tickets bought over the Internet). This is due to a reduction of a sales fee paid by Thalys and Eurostar to the Belgian rail company.[35] The sales prices have evolved, by June 2019, the "booking fee" (as it is referred to as) had risen to €9.[citation needed]
All figures in millions. Revenue in millions of euros.
Accessibility
Thalys trains are wheelchair-accessible, with the assistance of the train staff. Bicycles are not allowed on Thalys unless disassembled or packed in a special wrap. Folding bikes are allowed.[57]
In February 2020, Thalys announced that its new first-and-last mile travel service 'My Driver by Thalys's enables passengers can choose between around 50 local taxi fleets to complete their rail journeys.[58]
Thalys Lounge
Thalys operates station lounges in Brussels and Paris. Opened on 9 July 2015, the newest lounge in Paris' Gare du Nord, located on
Rue de Dunkerque [fr], offers travelers with a valid My Thalys World membership (Thalys's loyalty program) a variety of services, including free WiFi and a luggage storage service. For business travelers, a fully equipped meeting room is available for up to six people.[59]
Rolling stock
Thalys uses two models of trains, both of which are part of the TGV (train à grande vitesse) family of high-speed trains built by Alstom in France.
On 9 May 1998, a truck was struck by a Thalys PBKA on an unprotected level crossing; it had attempted to cross the tracks at the crossing when the train arrived. The truck driver was killed in the impact and the train's power unit and first two passenger carriages derailed; the trainset was left heavily damaged. Six passengers were injured and the tracks and catenary were broken in the incident. Passenger carriages R1 and R2 had to be scrapped. The trainset was later repaired with the R1 and R2 carriages from a regular TGV trainset.[citation needed]
On 11 October 2008, a Thalys PBA set bound for Amsterdam collided with a national ICM train set at Gouda railway station in the Netherlands. The Thalys train set had been diverted via Gouda due to engineering work on its usual route. None of the passengers were seriously injured, but both trains incurred serious damage. An investigation concluded that staff of the ICM train was to blame, as they left the station while still under a red signal.[62][63]
On 21 August 2015, a gunman attacked passengers on an Amsterdam–Paris train near Arras. The incident was treated as a terrorist attack. Three passengers along with the gunman received non-fatal injuries.[64][65]
^Hermsen, Stephen (22 December 2010). "Thalys verbindet das Ruhrgebiet mit Paris" [Thalys connects the Ruhr area with Paris]. DerWesten (in German). Essen: Funke Mediengruppe. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2019. Ab August 2011 ist das Ruhrgebiet direkt mit der Stadt der Liebe verbunden. Einmal täglich fährt dann der Schnellzug Thalys nicht mehr nur bis nach Köln, sondern auch über Düsseldorf und Duisburg nach Essen.
^"Brussels Airport à 1h47 de Paris via Thalys" [Brussels Airport 1h47 from Paris via Thalys]. La Libre Belgique (in French). La Libre Belgique. 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2019. Une liaison Thalys quotidienne entre Brussels Airport et Paris-Nord, via Bruxelles-Midi, sera ouverte dès le 30 octobre, ont annoncé mercredi Thalys et...
^"Thalys is now a train operating company"(PDF) (Press release). Thalys International. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2019. On Monday 30 March, Agnès Ogier [fr], CEO of Thalys, Jo Cornu, CEO of SNCB, and Rachel Picard [fr], Managing Director of Voyages SNCF, signed the agreements to complete Thalys's formal transformation into a train operating company.
^"Thalys et Eurostar économisent sur le dos de la SNCB" [Thalys and Eurostar save on the back of SNCB]. La Libre Belgique (in French). La Libre Belgique. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019. "L'augmentation de 7 euros, c'est l'un des effets de la libéralisation du trafic international effectif depuis le 1er janvier, précise Michel Praillet, secrétaire national CGSP Cheminot. Dans ce contexte, la commission versée à la SNCB est passée de 10% du prix des tickets à 5%, affirme Michel Praillet. Une diminution de moitié, donc, qui aggrave les problèmes financiers de la SNCB. Est-ce que la SNCB espère ramener les comptes à l'équilibre via ce supplément de 7 euros ? En tout cas, cela devrait combler une grosse partie de la diminution de recettes liées à la décision des opérateurs", ajoute-t-il.
^"Thalys trook 57 procent meer treinreizigers in 1998; NMBS: Internationaal treinverkeer zit duidelijk in de lift" [Thalys drives 57 percent more train passengers in 1998; NMBS: International train traffic is clearly on the rise.]. De Financieel-Economische Tijd (in Dutch). Mediafin. 20 January 1999. p. 26. ISBN978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN0771-6079. OCLC917185135.
^Van der Heide, Lolke (27 July 2002). "Vliegen zonder vleugels; Hogesnelheidstrein komt nog niet los van strijd om nationaal belang" [Flying without wings; High-speed train is not yet released from the struggle for national interest]. NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Mediahuis. p. 11. ISBN978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN0002-5259. OCLC795962805.
^"Thalys vervoert minder passagiers" [Thalys carries fewer passengers]. NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Mediahuis. 16 January 2004. ISBN978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN0002-5259. OCLC795962805. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019. De hogesnelheidstreinen van de Thalys hebben in 2003 2,4 procent minder mensen vervoerd dan het jaar ervoor. Het totaal aantal kwam uit op 5,8 miljoen, het concern was uitgegaan van 6,5 miljoen reizigers. Dat is gisteren bekendgemaakt
^"THALYS POURSUIT SA CROISSANCE EN 2008: HAUSSE DE SON CHIFFRE D'AFFAIRES DE 9,2% AUGMENTATION DU TRAFIC DE 5,2%" [THALYS CONTINUES ITS GROWTH IN 2008: INCREASE IN REVENUE BY 9.2% INCREASE TRAFFIC BY 5.2%] (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Paris: Thalys International. 22 January 2009. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Pour la 5ème année consécutive, Thalys affiche une belle croissance, avec un chiffre d'affaires enprogression de 9,2%, soit un total de 392,1 millions d'euros en 2008.
^ ab"Flink meer reizigers voor Thalys" [A lot more travelers for Thalys]. de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Brussels: DPG Media. ANP. 25 January 2001. OCLC781575477. Retrieved 10 November 2019. BRUSSEL – Het spoorbedrijf Thalys heeft vorig jaar een omzet geboekt van 432 miljoen euro, 13 procent meer dan een jaar eerder. Het aantal passagiers steeg met 6,25 procent tot 6,45 miljoen.
^"Meer reizigers en hogere omzet voor Thalys in 2011" [More travelers and higher sales for Thalys in 2011] (PDF) (Press release) (in Dutch). Rotterdam: Thalys International. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Thalys heeft het jaar 2011 afgesloten met een omzet van 470 miljoen euro; een stijging van 8,4% ten opzichte van 2010. Ook het aantal reizigers nam met 3,1% toe. Meer dan 6,6 miljoen mensen werden vorig jaar vervoerd door Thalys
^"Hogere omzet voor Thalys in 2012" [Higher turnover for Thalys in 2012] (PDF) (Press release) (in Dutch). Rotterdam: Thalys International. 21 February 2013. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Rotterdam - Thalys sluit het jaar 2012 af met een omzet van 479 miljoen euro, een stijging van 2,1% ten opzichte van 2011. In totaal reisden 6,6 miljoen mensen met Thalys. Over het gehele netwerk is dat een daling van 1% in vergelijking met het jaar ervoor. Het aantal reizigers tussen Nederland, Brussel en Parijs is echter gestegen.
^"Hogere omzet voor Thalys in 2013" [Higher turnover for Thalys in 2013] (PDF) (Press release) (in Dutch). Rotterdam: Thalys International. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Rotterdam, 17 februari 2014 – Thalys sluit het jaar 2013 af met een omzet van 487 miljoen euro, een stijging van 1,9% ten opzichte van 2012. In totaal reisden bijna 6,7 miljoen mensen met Thalys in 2013. Over het gehele netwerk is dat een stijging van 1,8% in vergelijking met het jaar ervoor. Vooral het treinverkeer tussen Nederland en België is met een toename van 46,3% aanzienlijk gestegen. Tussen Nederland en Frankrijk is er een lichte stijging van verkeer van 0,6% ten opzichte van 2012.
^Botman, Hans (27 March 1999). "Thalys raast door" [Thalys rushes through]. Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). DPG Media. p. 49.
^Van Gelder, Harry (22 March 1997). "Thalys levert NS komende jaren 200 miljoen verlies op" [Thalys will cause NS to lose 200 million in the coming years]. de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Amsterdam: DPG Media. OCLC781575477. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2019. De Thalys, de hogesnelheidstrein die sinds juni 1996 vijf keer per dag van Amsterdam naar Parijs rijdt, bezorgt de Nederlandse Spoorwegen de komende acht jaar een verlies van minstens 200 miljoen gulden....
^"Fors meer reizigers voor Thalys naar België. Totale reizigersgroei beperkt" [Significantly more travelers for Thalys to Belgium. Total passenger growth limited]. treinreiziger.nl (in Dutch). 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Het is op tal van plaatsen te lezen: hogesnelheidstrein Thalys heeft vorig jaar 46,3 procent meer reizigers tussen Nederland en België vervoerd. Dat is een forse groei, maar de reizigers naar België blijven in de Thalys in de minderheid. De totale treinmarkt tussen Nederland en België is met zes procent gegroeid.
^"Can I take my bike? Provisions for cyclists on the Thalys". raileurope.co.uk. Rail Europe, Inc. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2019. You can take your bike as carry-on luggage as long as it either folds up or, with the front wheel removed, can be held in a loose cover measuring up to 190 cm × 90 cm (74.80 in × 35.43 in).
^"Thalys: Key figures". thalys.com. Thalys. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^"Twee treinen botsen bij Gouda" [Two trains collide at Gouda]. NU.nl (in Dutch). Gouda: Sanoma. 11 October 2008. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2019. GOUDA - Bij station Gouda zijn zaterdagochtend twee treinen op elkaar gebotst. Het gaat om de intercity van Den Haag naar Groningen en de Thalys van Parijs naar Amsterdam. Volgens een woordvoerder van het Korps landelijke politiediensten (KLPD) zijn er door het ongeval geen mensen gewond geraakt.
^"Treinbotsing Gouda door samenloop" [Train collision Gouda due to confluence]. ivw.nl (in Dutch). Inspectie Verkeer en Waterstaat. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2019. De zijdelingse aanrijding bij Gouda tussen de intercity en de Thalys op zaterdag 11 oktober 2008 is het gevolg geweest van een opeenvolging van onjuiste handelingen door de conducteurs en machinist van de intercity. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van de Inspectie Verkeer en Waterstaat. Bij de aanrijding met lage snelheid vielen geen gewonden, wel was de materiele schade groot.
Xia, H; De Roeck, G; Zhang, N; Maeck, J (13 November 2003). "Experimental analysis of a high-speed railway bridge under Thalys trains". Journal of Sound and Vibration. 268 (1): 103–113. Bibcode:2003JSV...268..103X. doi:10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00202-5. ISSN0022-460X. The bridge is composed of multi-span simply supported PC girders with spans of 50 m and U-shaped sections. The loads are the high-speed Thalys trains with articulated vehicles. The speeds of the Thalys trains were between 265 and 310 km/h. In the experiments, the dynamic responses of the bridge such as the deflections, the accelerations and the strains that were measured by a laser velocity displacement transducer accelerometers and strain gauges, respectively.
Josef Elfinger (* 23. März 1911 in Ingolstadt; † 9. Mai 1988 ebenda) war ein deutscher Architekt und Denkmalschützer.[1] Bürogebäude Schubert & Salzer, Rieter-Gelände Ingolstadt Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Werdegang 2 Bauten 3 Ehrungen 4 Ehemalige Mitarbeiter 5 Literatur 6 Weblinks 7 Einzelnachweise Werdegang St. Pius, Ingolstadt Gemeindehaus St. Matthäus, Ingolstadt Donaukurier Verlagsgebäude, Ingolstadt Josef Elfinger wuchs als Sohn einer Uhrmacherfamilie auf und abiturie�...
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PSV – seizoen 2018/19 Naam Philips Sport Vereniging Stadion Philips Stadion Capaciteit 35.000 Complex De Herdgang Voorzitter Jan Albers Algemeen directeur Toon Gerbrands Technisch directeur John de Jong Trainer Mark van Bommel Assistent Jürgen Dirkx Reinier Robbemond (Hoofd)sponsor energiedirect.nl Competitie EredivisieTOTO KNVB BekerUEFA Champions League Thuis Uit Derde tenue Geldig voor 2018/19 Chronologie ← Vorige Volgende → 2017/18 2019/20 Portaal Voetbal Het seizoen 2...
Japanese light novel series and its adaptations Akashic Records of Bastard Magic InstructorFirst light novel volume cover featuring Sistine (middle), and Glenn (right)ロクでなし魔術講師と禁忌教典〈アカシックレコード〉(Roku de Nashi Majutsu Kōshi to Akashikku Rekōdo)GenreAction, fantasy, harem[1] Light novelWritten byTarō HitsujiIllustrated byKurone MishimaPublished byFujimi ShoboImprintFujimi Fantasia BunkoDemographicMaleOriginal runJuly 19, ...
Village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland Human settlement in ScotlandAboyneScottish Gaelic: Abèidh[1]Scots: Abyne[2][3]The Green in AboyneAboyneLocation within AberdeenshirePopulation2,920 (mid-2020 est.)[4]OS grid referenceNO527986• Edinburgh79 mi (127 km)• London399 mi (642 km)Council areaAberdeenshireLieutenancy areaAberdeenshireCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townABOYNEPostcode...
Antoni BohdziewiczAntoni Bohdziewicz during the Warsaw UprisingBorn(1906-09-11)11 September 1906Vilnius, Russian EmpireDied20 October 1970(1970-10-20) (aged 64)Warsaw, Poland, EuropeOccupation(s)screenplay writer and directorYears active1928-1970 Antoni Bohdziewicz (11 September 1906 – 20 October 1970) was a Polish screenplay writer and director, best known for his 1956 adaptation of Zemsta by Aleksander Fredro. Bohdziewicz was born in the city of Vilna (modern Vilnius), then part...
1941 RCA Bluebird 78, B-11382-B.Sheet music cover, Mutual Music Society, Inc., New York A String of Pearls is a 1941 song recorded by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra on RCA Bluebird that November, becoming a #1 hit.[1] It was composed by Jerry Gray[2] with lyrics by Eddie DeLange. The song is a big band and jazz standard. Background Glenn Miller and His Orchestra recorded A String of Pearls on November 8, 1941 in New York, which was copyrighted and published by The Mutual Music...
Pawai ke RomaBenito Mussolini dan Fasis Berbaju Hitam pada saat Pawai tersebutTanggal22–29 Oktober 1922LokasiRoma, ItaliaAksiPasukan berbaju hitam menduduki dataran Po dan mengambil alih seluruh titik strategis di negara tersebut. Pasukan fasis berkumpul di luar Roma dan berpawai di sepanjang Roma. Ini adalah pasukan di balik peralihan kekuasaan dalam wadah konstitusi setelah menyerahnya otoritas publik dalam menghadapi intimidasi fasis.Hasil Kudeta Fasis, Benito Mussolini membentuk pemerin...
SégouCommune and townSégou WorkersCountry MaliRegionSégouCercleSégou CercleLuas[1] • Total37 km2 (14 sq mi)Ketinggian294 m (965 ft)Populasi (2009 census)[2] • Total130.690 • Kepadatan3,500/km2 (9,100/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+0 (GMT) Tomb of Biton Mamary Coulibaly at Ségou-Koro Entrance to the palace of Ahmadu Tall at Ségou-Sikoro in around 1866 Ségou (Seku, Segu) merupakan kota di selatan-pusat Mali,...
Untuk aktris yang bernama sama, lihat Park Si-eun (aktris, kelahiran 1980). Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Park. Park Si-eunPark Si-eun pada November 2020Lahir1 Agustus 2001 (umur 22)Seoul, Korea SelatanPendidikanUniversitas Chung-AngPekerjaanPenyanyiAktrisTahun aktif2013-sekarang[1]AgenFe (2014-2016)JYP (2017-2019)[2]High Up (2020-sekarang)[3]Orang tuaPark Nam-jung[4]Karier musikGenreK-popInstrumenVocalsTahun aktif2020–sekarangLabelHigh Up ...
Not to be confused with Ghost House (film). 1988 filmGhosthouseDirected byUmberto LenziScreenplay byUmberto LenziStory byUmberto Lenzi[2]Produced byAristide Massaccesi[1]Starring Daniela Barnes Greg Rhodes Kristen Fourgerosse Mary Sellers CinematographyFranco Delli ColliEdited byRosanna Landi[3]Music byPiero MontanariProductioncompanyFilmirage Production Group[1]Distributed byGruppoRelease dates January 1988 (1988-01) (Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festi...
Ultima VII and Ultima 7 redirect here. For the second part of Ultima VII, see Ultima VII Part Two: Serpent Isle. 1992 video gameUltima VII: The Black GateDeveloper(s)Origin SystemsPublisher(s) Origin Systems FCI / Pony Canyon (SNES) Designer(s)Richard GarriottProgrammer(s)Ken DemarestArtist(s)Jeff DeeWriter(s)Raymond BensonComposer(s)Dana Karl GloverKirk WinterrowdHerman MillerSeriesUltimaPlatform(s)DOS Super NESReleaseDOS 16 April 1992 Super NES 18 November 1994[1]Genre(s)Role-playin...
1999 video game 1999 video gameAustin Powers: Operation TriviaDeveloper(s)Berkeley SystemsPublisher(s)Sierra AttractionsDirector(s)Martin Streicher[1]Producer(s)Erica Leverett[1]Platform(s)Microsoft Windows, MacintoshReleaseUS: May 1999UK: 1999Genre(s)Trivia gameMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Austin Powers Operation: Trivia is a 1999 trivia question video game based on the Austin Powers films. It was developed by Berkeley Systems and published by Sierra Attractions for Micr...
Lloyd Banks discographyBanks performing in 2006Studio albums6Music videos13Singles11Mixtapes17 The discography of Lloyd Banks, an American rapper, consists of six studio albums, sixteen mixtapes, eleven singles and one soundtrack. His music has been released on the record labels Interscope Records and 50 Cent's G-Unit Records. Albums Studio albums List of albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications US ...
