Druga intifada

Druga intifada (arapski: الانتفاضة الثانية, 'Drugi ustanak'), također poznata kao Intifada Al-Akse,^[1] bila je velika pobuna Palestinaca protiv Izraela i njegove okupacije od 2000. Period pojačanog nasilja na palestinskim teritorijama i Izraelu nastavio se do Samit u Šarm El Šeiku 2005, kojim su okončana neprijateljstva.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Nagađa se da su generalni pokretači nemira bili usredotočeni na neuspjeh samita u Camp Davidu 2000., za koji se očekivalo da će se postići konačni dogovor o izraelsko-palestinskom mirovnom procesu u julu 2000.^[4] Porast nasilnih incidenata počeo je u septembru 2000, nakon što je izraelski političar Ariel Sharon napravio provokativnu posjetu Brdu hrama;^[5]^[4] sama posjeta je bila mirna, ali je, kako se i očekivalo, izazvala proteste i nerede koje je izraelska policija ugušila gumenim mecima, bojevom municijom i suzavcem.^[6] U prvih nekoliko dana ustanka, Izraelske odbrambene snage su ispalie milion komada municije.^[7]

Tokom prvih nekoliko sedmica ustanka, omjer ubijenih Palestinaca i Izraelaca bio je oko 20 prema 1.^[8] Izraelske sigurnosne snage su vršili pucnjave, ciljana ubistva, tenkovske napade i zračne napade; Palestinci su učestvovali u pucnjavi, bacanju kamena i raketnim napadima.^[9]^[10] Otprilike 138 samoubilačkih bombaških napada koje su izvele palestinske militantne frakcije nakon marta 2001. postalo je jedno od istaknutih obilježja Intifade i uglavnom su ciljali izraelske civile.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] Uz ukupnu cifru žrtava za borce i civile, procjenjuje se da je nasilje rezultiralo smrću oko 3.000 Palestinaca i 1.000 Izraelaca, kao i 64 strana državljana.^[16]

Druga intifada je završena samitom u Šarm el Šeiku 2005,^[17] pošto su se palestinski predsednik Mahmoud Abbas i izraelski premijer Ariel Sharon složili da preduzmu definitivne korake za deeskalaciju neprijateljstava.^[18]^[19] Oni su također ponovo potvrdili svoju posvećenost "mapi puta za mir" koju je predložio Kvartet za Bliskom istoku 2003. Uz to, Sharon je pristao na oslobađanje 900 palestinskih zatvorenika^[20] i dalje izjavio da će se izraelske trupe povući iz dijelova Zapadne obale koju su ponovo okupirali boreći se protiv palestinskih militanata tokom ustanka.

Reference

^ ^a ^b BBC 2004.
^ Araj, Bader; Brym, Robert J. (2010). "Opportunity, Culture and Agency: Influences on Fatah and Hamas Strategic Action during the Second Intifada". International Sociology (jezik: engleski). 25 (6): 842–868. doi:10.1177/0268580909351327. ISSN 0268-5809. Arhivirano s originala, 18 May 2024. Pristupljeno 18 May 2024. Strategic action by the two main Palestinian militant organizations, Fatah and Hamas, during the second intifada or uprising against the Israeli state and people (2000—5). ... during the second intifada, or uprising, of Palestinians against Israel between 2000 and 2005
^ Smith, Robert B. (2008-04-01). "A Globalized Conflict: European Anti-Jewish Violence during the Second Intifada". Quality & Quantity (jezik: engleski). 42 (2): 135–180. doi:10.1007/s11135-006-9045-3. ISSN 1573-7845. The globalization of the Arab–Israeli conflict during the period of the second intifada against Israel (from the autumn 2000 through at least the spring of 2005) has fostered anti-Jewish violence in Europe and throughout the world.
^ ^a ^b Pressman 2006, str. 114.
^ NPR 2014.
^ Byman 2011, str. 114.
^ Finkelstein, Norman G. (2008). "4". Beyond Chutzpah: On the misuse of anti-Semitism and the abuse of history (expanded paperback izd.). Berkeley.
^ Finkelstein, Norman G. (2008). "4". Beyond Chutzpah: On the misuse of anti-Semitism and the abuse of history (expanded paperback izd.). Berkeley.
^ Cohen, Samy (2010). "Botched Engagement in the Intifada". Israel's Asymmetric Wars. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. str. 73–91. doi:10.1057/9780230112971_6. ISBN 978-1-349-28896-0."The al-Aqsa Intifada ushered in an era with a new brand of violence. It began with a popular uprising following Ariel Sharon's visit to Temple Mount on September 28, 2000. But unlike the first Intifada, which was basically a civil uprising against the symbols of an occupation that has lasted since June 1967, the second Intifada very quickly lapsed into an armed struggle between Palestinian activists and the Israeli armed forces. Almost from the very start, armed men took to hiding among crowds of Palestinians, using them as cover to shoot from. The IDF retaliated forcefully, each time causing several casualties."
^ Kober, Avi (2007). "Targeted Killing during the Second Intifada:: The Quest for Effectiveness". Journal of Conflict Studies (jezik: engleski). 27 (1): 94–114. ISSN 1198-8614. Arhivirano s originala, 5 April 2022. Pristupljeno 5 April 2022. Based on the assumption that there was no longer one front or one line of contact, Israel was carrying out dozens of simultaneous operations on the ground and in the air on a daily basis, including TKs, which were supposed to have multi-dimensional effects. According to Byman, TKs were mostly attractive to Israelis as they satisfied domestic demands for a forceful response to Palestinian terrorism. Byman also believes that by bolstering public morale, the TKs helped counter one of the terrorists' primary objectives – to reduce the faith of Israelis in their own government.
^ Matta, Nada; Rojas, René (2016). "The Second Intifada: A Dual Strategy Arena". European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie (jezik: engleski). 57 (1): 66. doi:10.1017/S0003975616000035. ISSN 0003-9756. S2CID 146939293. Arhivirano s originala, 5 April 2022. Pristupljeno 5 April 2022. Suicide terror, lethal attacks indiscriminately carried out against civilians via self-immolation, attained prominence in the Palestinian repertoire beginning in March 2001. From that point until the end of 2005, at which point they virtually ceased, 57 suicide bombings were carried out, causing 491 civilian deaths, 73% of the total civilians killed by Palestinian resistance organizations and 50% of all Israeli fatalities during this period. While not the modal coercive tactic, suicide terror was the most efficient in terms of lethality, our basic measure of its efficacy.
^ Brym, R. J.; Araj, B. (2006-06-01). "Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada". Social Forces. 84 (4): 1969. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0081. ISSN 0037-7732. S2CID 146180585. In the early years of the 21st century, Israel, the West Bank and Gaza became the region of the world with the highest frequency of - and the highest per capita death toll due to - suicide bombing.
^ Schweitzer, Y. (2010). "The rise and fall of suicide bombings in the second Intifada". Strategic Assessment. 13 (3): 39–48. As part of the violence perpetrated by the Palestinians during the second intifada, suicide bombings played a particularly prominent role and served as the primary effective weapon in the hands of the planners.
^ Schachter, J. (2010). "The End of the Second Intifada?" (PDF). Strategic Assessment. 13 (3): 63–70. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 30 September 2021. This article attempts to identify the end of the second intifada by focusing on the incidence of suicide bombings, arguably the most important element of second intifada-related violence.
^ Sela-Shayovitz, R. (2007). "Suicide bombers in Israel: Their motivations, characteristics, and prior activity in terrorist organizations". International Journal of Conflict and Violence. 1 (2): 163. The period of the second Intifada significantly differs from other historical periods in Israeli history, because it has been characterized by intensive and numerous suicide attacks that have made civilian life into a battlefront.
^ "B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities 29.9.2000–15.1.2005". B'Tselem. Arhivirano s originala, 14 April 2013.
^ Tucker 2019, str. 958p: he [Abbas] and Israeli prime minister Sharon agreed in an early 2005 summit to suspend hostilities. This agreement effectively ended the Second Intifada
^ Abbas 2005.
^ Sharon 2005.
^ Reinhart 2006, str. 77.

Izvori

Knjige

Bregman, Ahron (29 September 2005). Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America. Penguin Books Limited. str. 160–. ISBN 978-0-14-190613-3. Arhivirano s originala, 18 November 2021. Pristupljeno 29 October 2020.
Byman, Daniel (15 June 2011). A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism. Oxford University Press. str. 114–. ISBN 978-0-19-983045-9. Arhivirano s originala, 18 November 2021. Pristupljeno 29 October 2020.
Catignani, Sergio (2008). Israeli Counter-Insurgency and the Intifadas: Dilemmas of a Conventional Army. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-93069-4. Arhivirano s originala, 2 January 2016. Pristupljeno 12 December 2015.
Mattar, Philip (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. Infobase Publishing. str. 40–. ISBN 978-0-8160-6986-6. Arhivirano s originala, 19 August 2020. Pristupljeno 3 October 2016.
Reinhart, Tanya (2006). The Road Map to Nowhere: Israel/Palestine Since 2003. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-84467-076-5.
Schulz, Helena Lindholm; Hammer, Juliane (2003). The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26820-2.
Shindler, Colin (25 March 2013). A History of Modern Israel. Cambridge University Press. str. 283–. ISBN 978-1-107-31121-3. Arhivirano s originala, 23 December 2016. Pristupljeno 3 October 2016.
Tucker, Spencer C. (31 August 2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. str. 958–. ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1. Arhivirano s originala, 18 November 2021. Pristupljeno 29 October 2020.
Yousef, Mosab Hassan (2011). Son of Hamas: A Gripping Account of Terror, Betrayal, Political Intrigue, and Unthinkable Choices. Tyndale House. ISBN 978-1-85078-985-7. Arhivirano s originala, 18 November 2021. Pristupljeno 8 November 2020.
Cohen, Hillel (2013). The Rise and Fall of Arab Jerusalem: Palestinian Politics and the City Since 1967. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-85266-4.

Članci iz časopisa

Pressman, Jeremy (February 21, 2006). "The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". Journal of Conflict Studies. 23 (2). ISSN 1715-5673. Arhivirano s originala, 1 November 2020. Pristupljeno October 29, 2020.

Članci

"Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline". BBC News. September 29, 2004. Arhivirano s originala, 2 July 2016. Pristupljeno October 29, 2020.
"Full text of Abbas declaration". BBC News. February 8, 2005. Arhivirano s originala, 8 March 2020. Pristupljeno October 29, 2020.
"Full text of Sharon declaration". BBC News. February 8, 2005. Arhivirano s originala, 3 December 2013. Pristupljeno October 29, 2020.
"A Feud That Lasted A Lifetime: Ariel Sharon Vs. Yasser Arafat". NPR.org. 2014-01-11. Arhivirano s originala, 5 April 2022. Pristupljeno 2022-04-05.