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Hidroelektrana

Brana kod hidroelektrane
Shema hidroelektrane
Zgrada i odvodni kanal Hidroelektrane Dubrava u Međimurju

Hidroelektrične centrale, hidroelektrane ili hidrocentrale jesu električne centrale koje pomoću vodenih turbina pretvaraju potencijalnu energiju vode u kinetičku i mehaničku, koja se dalje koristi za obrtanje električnog generatora. Turbina se sastoji uglavnom od jednog provodnog dijela, koji vodi daje dovoljno veliku brzinu i preko jednog obrtnog tačka oduzima energiju od vode.

Podjela hidroelektrana

Prema količini vode i visini vodenog pada

  • hidroelektrane s visokim padovima (većim od 200 m) i relativno malom količinom vode. Za visoke padove (do 1000 m)[1] primjenjuju se Peltonove turbine, kod kojih se potencijalna energija vode u provodnom dijelu potpuno pretvara u kinetičku i u obliku vodenog mlaza pokreće lopatice turbine pretvarajući kinetičku energiju u mehaničku.
  • hidroelektrane sa srednjim padovima (između 25 i 200 m)i niskim padovima. Za srednje padove (do 200 m) koriste se Francisove turbine, kod kojih provodni dio s lopaticama okružuje točak. U provodnom dijelu ovih turbina potencijalna energija vode samo se djelomično pretvara u kinetičku tako da s određenim natpritiskom dospijeva u obrtno kolo (točak) i njemu predaje svoju energiju.
  • hidroelektrane s niskim padovima (do 25 m)i relativno velikom količinom vode. Za niske padove (do približno 40 m)[2] koriste se Kaplanove turbine, koje rade slično kao i Francisove, s tim da je broj lopatica daleko manji.

Prema načinu korištenja

  • protočne: nemaju svoju akumulaciju ili imaju akumulaciju koja se, pri radu hidroelektrane pri nominalnoj snazi, može isprazniti za manje od dva sata. Protočna hidroelektrana direktno koristi kinetičku energiju vode za pokretanje turbina.[3] Ovakva vrsta hidrocentrala najjednostavnija je za izgradnju, ali uveliko ovise o trenutnom protoku vode. Ovakve hidroelektrane imaju mali utjecaj na okolinu.
  • akumulacijske: to su tzv. klasične hidrocentrale s uobičajenim komponentama: akumulacija, brana, vodena komora, zahvat, gravitacijski dovod, zasunska komora, tlačni cjevovod, strojarnica, odvod vode.[4]
  • reverzibilne: verzija akumulacione hidroelektrane koja ima dva jezera (glavno i pomoćno). Za vrijeme velike potrebe za energijom u mreži proizvode energiju i šalju je u mrežu, a za vrijeme niske potražnje energije (noćni period) pumpaju vodu u pomoćno jezero uzimajući energiju s mreže i pripremaju se za kasniji rad.[5]

Prema udaljenosti od brane

  • Pribranska hidroelektrana je vrsta akumulacijske hidroelektrane kod koje se strojarnica za proizvodnju nalazi u samoj pregradnoj brani.
  • Derivacijska hidroelektrana je vrsta akumulacijske hidroelektrane kod koje se strojarnica za proizvodnju energije nalazi izmještena na nekoj udaljenosti (nizvodno od brane), a voda se iz akumulacijskog jezera dovodi posebnim cijevima sa zahvata do strojarnice.

Prema smještaju strojarnice

  • Nadzemne, kod kojih je strojarnica smještena iznad nivoa tla
  • Podzemne, kod kojih je strojarnica smještena ispod nivoa tla.

Prema ulozi u elektroenergetskom sistemu

  • Bazne, koje rade cijelo vrijeme ili većinu vremena
  • Vršne, koje se uključuju kada se za to pokaže potreba, npr. za pokrivanje vršne potrošnje.[6]

Reference

  1. ^ http://www.wws-wasserkraft.at/pelton-turbinen.html
  2. ^ http://www.iwr.de/wasser/technik/technik.php
  3. ^ http://www.energie-lexikon.info/laufwasserkraftwerk.html
  4. ^ http://www.energie-lexikon.info/wasser_speicherkraftwerk.html
  5. ^ http://www.energie-lexikon.info/pumpspeicherkraftwerk.html
  6. ^ "Hidroenergija". Arhivirano s originala, 20. 10. 2016. Pristupljeno 24. 3. 2017.

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