Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Pokretljivost

Citokinezaćelijska dioba
Sve ćelije mogu se smatrati pokretnima jer ili se kreću u cjelini ili imaju sposobnost podjele u dvije nove ćerke.
Podjela citoplazme, poznata kao citokineza, prati telofazu. Tokom dijeljenja, ćelijski organele poput mitohondrija i hloroplasta ravnomjerno se raspoređuju u dvije novonastale ćelije.
U životinjskim ćelijama podjela se vrši "uvlačenjem" plazmatske membrane na ekvatoru vretena, "štipanjem" citoplazme na pola
U biljnim ćelijama, Golgijev aparat formira vezikule od novih materijala ćelijskog zida koji se skupljaju duž linije ekvatora diobenog vretena, poznatog kao ćelijska ploča.
Ovdje se vezikule spajaju, formirajući nove plazmamembrane i ćelijske zidove između dvije ćelije [1]

Pokretljivost je sposobnost organizama da se samostalno kreće, koristeći metaboličku energiju. Ovaj termin uključuje i pokretljivost unutarćelijskih struktura i organela.

Definicije

Pokretljivosti može se suprotstaviti sesilnost, stanje organizama koji ne posjeduju sredstva za samopokretljivost i koji su obično nepokretni. Pokretljivost se razlikuje od kretanja, sposobnosti nečega da se premjesti sa jednog na drugo mjesto. Termin pokretljivost uključuje i pokretljivost i kretanje; sesilni organizmi, uključujući biljke i gljive, često imaju pokretne dijelove poput plodova, sjemena ili spora koje mogu raspršiti drugi agensi poput vjetra, vode ili drugih organizama.[2]

Pokretljivost je genetički određena,[3] ali mogu uticati i okolinski faktori, kao što su toksini. Nervni i mišićnoskeletni sistem omogučavaju glavninu pokretljivosti sisara.[4][5][6]

Pored životinjske lokomocije, većina životinja su pokretne, mada su neke i skretanja, opisano kao da imaju pasivnu pokretljivost. Mnoge bakterije i drugi mikroorganizmi i višećelijski organizmi su pokretni; neki mehanizmi protoka tečnosti u višećelijskim organima i tkivima takođe se smatraju primerima pokretljivosti, kao i kod peristaltičke pokretljivosti gastrointestinalnog trakta. Pokretne morske životinje obično se nazivaju slobodno plivajućim,[7][8][9] a pokretni neparazitski organizmi nazivaju se slobodno živećim.[10]

Ćelijska razina

Eukariotski citoskeleti podstiču ćelije da se kreću kroz tečnost i preko površina, dijele se u nove ćelije, a citoskelet vrši transport organela unutar ćelije.
Ovaj video snima obojene citoskelete iz presjeka lista Arabidopsis thaliana .[11]

Na ćelijskom nivou postoje različiti načini kretanja:

Mnoge ćelije nisu pokretne na 37 °C, naprimjer kod Klebsiella pneumoniae i Shigella ili pod određenim okolnostima kao što je Yersinia pestis.

Pokreti

Vidi
Taksija

Aktivnostu koje se percipiraju kao pokreti mogu biti:

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ Clegg, Chris (2008). "3.2 Cells make organisms". Edexcel biology for AS (6th izd.). London: Hodder Murray. str. 111. ISBN 978-0-340-96623-5.
  2. ^ "Botanical Nerd Word: Vagile". torontobotanicalgarden.ca/. Pristupljeno 29. 9. 2020.
  3. ^ Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane (2006). "6 Form and Form Changes". Coming to life: how genes drive development. San Diego, California: Kales Press. str. 75. ISBN 978-0979845604. During development, any change in cell shape is preceded by a change in gene activity. The cell's origin and environment that determine which transcription factors are active within a cell, and, hence, which genes are turned on, and which proteins are produced.
  4. ^ Fullick, Ann (2009). "7.1". Edexcel A2-level biology. Harlow: Pearson. str. 138. ISBN 978-1-4082-0602-7.
  5. ^ Fullick, Ann (2009). "6.1". Edexcel A2-level biology. Harlow: Pearson. str. 67. ISBN 978-1-4082-0602-7.
  6. ^ E. Cooper, Chris; C. Brown, Guy (oktobar 2008). "The inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase by the gases carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide: chemical mechanism and physiological significance". Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 40 (5): 533–539. doi:10.1007/s10863-008-9166-6. PMID 18839291.
  7. ^ Krohn, Martha M.; Boisdair, Daniel (maj 1994). "Use of a Stereo-video System to Estimate the Energy Expenditure of Free-swimming Fish". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 51 (5): 1119–1127. doi:10.1139/f94-111.
  8. ^ Cooke, Steven J.; Thorstad, Eva B.; Hinch, Scott G. (mart 2004). "Activity and energetics of free-swimming fish: insights from electromyogram telemetry". Fish and Fisheries. 5 (1): 21–52. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2960.2004.00136.x. We encourage the continued development and refinement of devices for monitoring the activity and energetics of free-swimming fish
  9. ^ Carey, Francis G.; Lawson, Kenneth D. (februar 1973). "Temperature regulation in free-swimming bluefin tuna". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 44 (2): 375–392. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(73)90490-8. PMID 4145757. Acoustic telemetry was used to monitor ambient water temperature and tissue temperature in free-swimming bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus Linneaus [sic], 1758) over periods ranging from a few hours to several days.
  10. ^ "About Parasites". Centers for Disease Control. Pristupljeno 29. 9. 2020. Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic in nature.
  11. ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Juian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2008). "16". Molecular biology of the cell (5th izd.). New York: Garland Science. str. 965. ISBN 978-0-8153-4106-2. For cells to function properly, they must organize themselves in space and interact mechanically with their environment... Eucaryotic cells have developed... the cytoskeleton... pulls the chromosomes apart at mitosis and then splits the dividing cell into two... drives and guides intracellular traffic of organelles... enables cells such as sperm to swim and others, such as fibroblasts and white blood cells, to crawl across surfaces. It exhibits wide range of movement
  12. ^ Van Haastert, Peter J. M. (2011). "Amoeboid Cells Use Protrusions for Walking, Gliding and Swimming". PLOS ONE. 6 (11): e27532. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627532V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027532. PMC 3212573. PMID 22096590.
  13. ^ Bae, A. J.; Bodenschatz, E. (2010). "On the swimming of Dictyostelium amoebae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (44): E165–6. arXiv:1008.3709. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107E.165B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011900107. PMC 2973909. PMID 20921382.
  14. ^ Gilbert, Scott (2006). Developmental biology (8th. izd.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers. str. 395. ISBN 9780878932504.
  15. ^ Parsons, Richard (2009). "Unit 5 Section 1". A2-level biology : the revision guide : exam board: Edexcel. Broughton-in-Furness: Coordination Group Publications. str. 50. ISBN 978-1-84762-264-8. Skeletal muscle is the type of muscle you use to move, e.g. the bicep and triceps move the lower arm. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Ligaments attach bones to other bones, to hold them together. Skeletal muscles contract and relax to move bones at a joint.
  16. ^ Vannini, Vanio; Jolly, Richard T.; Pogliani, Giuliano (1994). The new atlas of the human body : a full color guide to the structure of the body. London: Chancellor Press. str. 25. ISBN 978-1-85152-984-1. The muscle mass is not just concerned with locomotion. It assists in the circulation of blood and protects and confines the visceral organs. It also provides the main shaping component of the human form.

Read other articles:

عزلة قيفه ال مهدي  - عزلة -  تقسيم إداري البلد  اليمن[1] المحافظة محافظة البيضاء (اليمن) المديرية مديرية ولد ربيع خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 14°22′40″N 44°41′35″E / 14.37781°N 44.69313°E / 14.37781; 44.69313  الارتفاع 2328 متر  السكان التعداد السكاني 2004 السكان 19٬427   •

 

Elizabeth A. ClarkLahirSeptember 27, 1938Meninggal7 September 2021(2021-09-07) (umur 82)PenghargaanGuggenheim Fellowship (1988)Latar belakang akademisAlma materUniversitas ColumbiaTesisThe influence of Aristotelian thought on Clement of Alexandria: a study in philosophical transmission (1964)Karya akademisDisiplin ilmuKekristenan awalLembagaUniversitas Duke Elizabeth Ann Clark, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. (27 September 1928 – 7 September 2021) adalah Professor Emerita di John ...

 

Vitebsky Central Sport ComplexFormer namesDinamo StadiumLocationVitebsk, BelarusCoordinates55°11′54″N 30°13′45″E / 55.19833°N 30.22917°E / 55.19833; 30.22917OwnerCity of VitebskCapacity8,144Field size105 m × 68 m (344 ft × 223 ft)SurfaceGrassConstructionOpened1937Renovated1950, 1980–1986, 1998–2001TenantsVitebskLokomotiv Vitebsk (1993–1997) Vitebsky Central Sport Complex (also known as Vitebsky CSK in short) is a multi-...

Thunder Bay ChillDatos generalesNombre Thunder Bay ChillApodo(s) The ChillFundación 2000Propietario(s) John MarrelloEntrenador Tony ColistroInstalacionesEstadio Chapples Park StadiumCapacidad 1,600Ubicación Thunder Bay, OntarioUniforme Titular Alternativo Última temporadaLiga USL League Two(2014) 52ºTítulos 1 (por última vez en 2008) Página web oficial[editar datos en Wikidata] El Thunder Bay Chill es un equipo de fútbol de Canadá que juega en la USL League Two, la cua...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) لوسيا برلين معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالإنجليزية: Brown)‏  الميلاد 12 نوفمبر 1936[1]  جونو، ألاسكا  الوفاة 12 نوفمبر 2004 (68 سنة) [1]  مارينا دل راي، �...

 

Resolusi 1403Dewan Keamanan PBBKawasan pemukiman di RamallahTanggal4 April 2002Sidang no.4.506KodeS/RES/1403 (Dokumen)TopikSituasi di Timur Tengah, terutama pertanyaan PalestinaRingkasan hasil15 mendukungTidak ada menentangTidak ada abstainHasilDiadopsiKomposisi Dewan KeamananAnggota tetap Tiongkok Prancis Rusia Britania Raya Amerika SerikatAnggota tidak tetap Bulgaria Kamerun Kolombia Guinea Irlandia Meksiko Mauritius ...

Roman Catholic seminary in Rome For the college in Houston, Texas, see North American University. Pontifical North American CollegeLatin: Pontificium Collegium Civitatum Foederatarum Americae Septemtrionalis (lit.: 'Pontifical College of the United States of America')MottoFirmum est cor meumMotto in EnglishSteadfast is my heartTypeRoman Catholic seminary; continuing formation institute, clerical residenceEstablished8 December 1859 (164 years ago)RectorThomas W. PowersLocationRome, Italy ...

 

العلاقات التونسية النيكاراغوية تونس نيكاراغوا   تونس   نيكاراغوا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات التونسية النيكاراغوية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين تونس ونيكاراغوا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ا�...

 

Robert Schumann en 1850. La Sinfonía n.º 3 en mi bemol mayor, Op. 97, también conocida como Rheinische o Renana, fue escrita por Robert Schumann a finales de 1850. Fue estrenada el 6 de febrero de 1851 en Düsseldorf bajo la dirección del propio compositor. Pronto fue apodada Renana, aunque este nombre no fuera usado por el compositor. En esta obra, quizás la más brillante y optimista de sus obras sinfónicas, el compositor se empeñó en lograr una amplia aceptación por parte del púb...

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipe...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ibn Sina Hospital – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hospital in Baghdad, IraqIbn Sina Hospitalمستشفى إبن سيناIraq Ministry of HealthIbn Sina Hospital during Operation Ira...

 

1929 book by Bertrand Russell First edition (publ. Allen & Unwin) Marriage and Morals is a 1929 book by philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author questions the Victorian notions of morality regarding sex and marriage. Russell argues that the laws and ideas about sex of his time were a potpourri from various sources and were no longer valid. The subjects range from criticisms of social norms, theories about their origins and tendencies, evolutionary psychology, and instinctual atta...

The National Thanksgiving Proclamation was the first presidential proclamation of Thanksgiving in the United States. President George Washington declared Thursday, November 26, 1789 as a day of public thanksgiving and prayer. Background Main article: Thanksgiving (United States) § History Setting aside time to give thanks for one's blessings, along with holding feasts to celebrate a harvest, are both practices that long predate the European settlement of North America. The first documen...

 

Equates human impact on the environment This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Studying the impact of mining on environment and village community Pollution from a factory I = (PAT) is the mathematical notation of a formula put forward to describe the impact of human activity on the env...

 

1996 studio album by NeurosisThrough Silver in BloodStudio album by NeurosisReleasedApril 2, 1996 (1996-04-02)RecordedDecember 1995 (1995-12)StudioBrilliant Studios and Coast Studios in Oakland, CaliforniaGenrePost-metalhardcore punk[1]industrialsludge metalLength70:32LabelRelapseProducerBilly AndersonNeurosisNeurosis chronology Enemy of the Sun(1993) Through Silver in Blood(1996) Times of Grace(1999) 2009 reissue coverVinyl reissue sleeve artwork Thro...

1963 film by Richard Thorpe For the theme song sung by Connie Francis, see Follow the Boys (song). For the 1944 movie starring Marlene Dietrich, see Follow the Boys (1944 film). For the 1966 film starring Fred MacMurray, see Follow Me, Boys! Follow the BoysTheatrical film posterDirected byRichard ThorpeWritten byDavid T. ChantlerDavid D. OsborneBased onstory by Lawrence BachmannProduced byLawrence BachmannStarringPaula PrentissConnie FrancisJanis PaigeCinematographyTed ScaifeEdited byJohn Vic...

 

Danish badminton player Badminton playerLena GrebakLena Grebak in 2016.Personal informationCountryDenmarkBorn (1991-09-18) 18 September 1991 (age 32)Køge, DenmarkResidenceCopenhagen, DenmarkHeight1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Weight68 kg (150 lb)HandednessRightWomen's Doubles & Mixed DoublesHighest ranking38 (WD 13 March 2014) 27 (XD 24 November 2016) Medal record Women's badminton Representing  Denmark European Games 2015 Baku Women's doubles European Championship...

 

Extinct language isolate indigenous to the island of Sardinia This article is about the ancient language of Sardinia. For modern Sardinian, see Sardinian language. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (December 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but tr...

LG G Pad 10.1 Производитель LG Electronics Серия LG серия G Операционная система Android LG G Pad 8.3LG G Pad 8.0 LG G Pad 10.1 (также известный как LG G Tab 10.1) — это 10,1-дюймовый планшетный компьютер на базе Android, производимый и продаваемый LG Electronics. Он принадлежит к серии LG G и был анонсирован 13 мая 2014 года вме�...

 

Kristian KostovKostov pada tahun 2017Informasi latar belakangNama lahirKristian Konstantinov KostovLahir15 Maret 2000 (umur 23)Moskwa, RusiaAsalBulgariaGenrePopakustiksoulbubblegum pophip hopPekerjaanPenyanyipenulis lagumusisiaktormodelrapperInstrumenVokalgitarpianotwitterTahun aktif2014–sekarangLabelVirginia Records Kristian Konstantinov Kostov (bahasa Bulgaria: Кристиан Константинов Костов, bahasa Rusia: Кристиа́н Константи́нов�...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya