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Cromosoma 21

Infotaula cromosomaCromosoma 21
Cromosoma humà 21. Parell després del bandeig G.
Un és de la mare i l'altre del pare.
Parell de cromosomes 21 al cariograma d'un mascle humà
Característiques
Longitud (bp)46,709,983 bp
(GRCh38)[1]
Nombre de gens215 (CCDS)[2]
TipusAutosoma
Posició del centròmer Acrocèntric[3]
(12.0 Mbp[4])
Llistes de gens
CCDSLlista de gens
HGNCLlista de gens
UniProtLlista de gens
NCBILlista de gens
Visualitzadors externs
EnsemblCromosoma 21
EntrezCromosoma 21
NCBICromosoma 21
UCSCCromosoma 21
Seqüències senceres d'ADN
RefSeqNC_000021 (FASTA)
GenBankCM000683 (FASTA)

El cromosoma 21 és un dels 23 parells de cromosomes del cariotip humà. La població té normalment dues còpies d'aquest cromosoma. El cromosoma 21 és el cromosoma autosòmic humà més petit, contenint al voltant de 47 milions de parells de bases, que representen al voltant de l'1,5% del contingut total d'ADN en la cèl·lula.

El 2000, investigadors que treballaven en el Projecte Genoma Humà van anunciar que havien determinat la seqüència dels parells de bases que componen aquest cromosoma. El cromosoma 21 va ser el segon cromosoma humà a ser totalment seqüenciat.

Gens

Imatge del cromosoma 21 humà.

El nombre de gens estimats en el cromosoma 21 és d'entre 200 i 400. Entre els més importants hi ha:

  • APP: Proteïna precursora beta amiloide (A4) (peptidasa nexina-II, malaltia d'Alzheimer)
  • CBS: Cistationina-beta-sintasa
  • CLDN14: Claudina 14
  • HLCS: Holocarboxilasa sintetasa (biotina-(proprionil-coenzim A-carboxilasa (ATP-hidrolizante)) lligues)
  • KCNE1: Canal de potassi activat per voltatge, família relacionada amb ISK, membre 1
  • KCNE2: Canal de potassi activat per voltatge, família relacionada amb ISK, membre 1
  • Lad: Deficiència d'adhesió leucocitària (símbols: ITGB2, CD18, LCAMB)
  • SOD1: Superòxid dismutasa 1, soluble (esclerosi lateral amiotròfica tipus 1 (adult))
  • TMPRSS3: Proteasa transmembrana, serina 3

Malalties i trastorns

Les següents malalties estan associades en el cromosoma 21:

Referències

  1. «Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium» (en anglès), 24-12-2013. [Consulta: 4 març 2017].
  2. «Search results - 21[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene», 08-09-2016. [Consulta: 28 maig 2017].
  3. Tom Strachan; Andrew Read Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science, 2 abril 2010, p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2. 
  4. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.

Bibliografia

  • Antonarakis SE, Lyle R, Dermitzakis ET, Reymond A, Deutsch S. Chromosome 21 and down syndrome: from genomics to pathophysiology. 5, 2004, p. 725-38. PMID: 15510164. 
  • Antonarakis SE, Lyle R, Deutsch S, Reymond A. Chromosome 21: a small land of fascinating disorders with unknown pathophysiology. 46, 2002, p. 89-96. PMID: 11902692. 
  • Antonarakis SE. Chromosome 21: from sequence to applications. 11, 2001, p. 241-6. PMID: 11377958. 
  • Gardiner K, Davisson M. The sequence of human chromosome 21 and implications for research into Down syndrome. 1, 2000, p. REVIEWS0002. PMID: 11178230. 
  • Gilbert F. Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 21. 1, 1997, p. 301-6. PMID: 10464663. 
  • Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, Watanabe H, Yada T, Park HS, Toyoda A, Ishii K, Totoki Y, Choi DK, Groner Y, Soeda E, Ohki M, Takagi T, Sakaki Y, Taudien S, Blechschmidt K, Polley A, Menzel U, Delabar J, Kumpf K, Lehmann R, Patterson D, Reichwald K, Rump A, Schillhabel M, Schudy A, Zimmermann W, Rosenthal A, Kudoh J, Schibuya K, Kawasaki K, Asakawa S, Shintani A, Sasaki T, Nagamine K, Mitsuyama S, Antonarakis SE, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Nordsiek G, Hornischer K, Brant P, Scharfe M, Schon O, Desario A, Reichelt J, Kauer G, Blocker H, Ramser J, Beck A, Klages S, Hennig S, Riesselmann L, Dagand E, Haaf T, Wehrmeyer S, Borzym K, Gardiner K, Nizetic D, Francis F, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Yaspo ML. The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. 405, 2000, p. 311-9. PMID: 10830953. 
  • Sawinska M, Ladon D. Mechanism, detection and clinical significance of the reciprocal translocation t(12;21)(p12;q22) in the children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. 28, 2004, p. 35-42. PMID: 14630078. 
  • Sleegers K,Brouwers N,Gijselinck I,Theuns J, Goossens D, Wauters J,Del-Favero J,Cruts M, van Duijn CM,Van Broeckhoven C.. APP duplication is sufficient to cause early onset Alzheimer's dementia with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 2006. PMID: 16921174. 
  • Rovelet-Lecrux A,Hannequin D,Raux G,Le Meur N,Laquerriere A, Vital A,Dumanchin C,Feuillette S,Brice A,Vercelletto M, Dubas F,Frebourg T,Campion D.. APP locus duplication causes autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 2005. PMID: 16369530. 

Enllaços externs

Cromosomes humans

{1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10} {11} {12} {13} {14} {15} {16} {17} {18} {19} {20} {21} {22} {X} {Y}


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