↑Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. - pp. (1-4), 1-824. Holmiæ. (Salvius). «Enllaç».[Enllaç no actiu]
↑Albert, J. S. & W. G. R. Crampton, 2001. Five new species of Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes) from an Upper Amazon floodplain, with descriptions of electric organ discharges and ecology. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters v. 12 (núm. 3): 241-266.
↑Campos-da-Paz, R., 2003. Gymnotidae (Naked-back knifefishes). P. 483-486. A: R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander i C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.). Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre EDIPUCRS, el Brasil.