Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

1843 Nias earthquake

1843 Nias earthquake
1843 Nias earthquake is located in Sumatra
1843 Nias earthquake
Local dateJanuary 5, 1843 (1843-01-05)
Local time23:30–24:00
MagnitudeMw 7.8+[1]
Epicenter1°30′N 98°00′E / 1.5°N 98.0°E / 1.5; 98.0
FaultSunda megathrust
Areas affectedSumatra, Dutch East Indies
Max. intensityMMI XI (Extreme)[2]
TsunamiYes
CasualtiesMany

The 1843 Nias earthquake off the northern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia caused severe damage when it triggered a tsunami along the coastline. The earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw ) of 7.8 lasted nine minutes, collapsing many homes in Sumatra and Nias. It was assigned a maximum modified Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme).

Tectonic setting

The west coast of Sumatra is dominated by the Sunda megathrust; a 5,000 km long convergent boundary where the Australian plate subducts beneath the Burma plate and Sunda plate at a rate of 60 mm/yr.[3] Convergence along this plate boundary is highly oblique, severely deforming the overriding Sunda plate, where it is accommodated by the strike-slip motion along the Great Sumatran fault. Dip-slip fault can rupture within the downgoing Australian plate at deep depths as well; the 2009 magnitude 7.6 earthquake near Padang was caused by reverse faulting at a depth of 80 km. The subduction zone offshore Sumatra has been responsible for several large earthquakes in 2004 and 2005.[4] Occasionally, the subduction ruptures in earthquake that reaches the trench, triggering large tsunamis such as in 1907, 2004 and 2010.[5]

Impact

The earthquake's destructive effects were felt on Nias and Sumatra islands. Shaking was described as weak and oscillating, but rapidly intensified. The extreme shaking was felt for up to nine minutes. It was so violent that standing or walking was impossible.[6] Stone buildings and a fortress on a hill at Gunungsitoli on Nias Island were destroyed. Trees were uprooted and snapped. Cracks appeared in the ground and mud erupted from within. Liquefaction on Nias island caused some buildings to sink into the ground. Homes collapsed, killing many residents. Government offices and a Commandant's house were destroyed. Small landslides also occurred.[2]

Shaking was also felt in Penang Island and Singapore.[2] In Singapore, tremors were felt at half past midnight on January 6.[7] Shaking was felt stronger on the hills, described as oscillating in an east–west direction. At Penang Island, shaking was felt in a north–south direction.[6]

Aftershocks

Many aftershocks were felt until 04:30 local time. Earthquakes were felt every two minutes of each other. Another earthquake was felt on January 8 at 14:30.[6]

Tsunami

The first tsunami waves were reported at 00:30 local time, causing extreme damage. It arrived from the southeast and struck the island. Cattle and human residents were swept away by the waves. At the villages of Barus (on Sumatra) and Palan Nias (on Nias Island), large waves were reported over a period of two days. A large tsunami reportedly destroyed settlements on the east coast of Nias and Sumatra islands. The tsunami wiped out a large village located two kilometers from Gunungsitoli. Proas located on a nearby river were washed inland by up to 50 meters. Many people were killed by the tsunami and earthquake. Ships at Barus were dumped 600 meters inland due to the tsunami.[8]

The bodies tsunami victims were found along the shores in the days following. Kampong Mego, a large village on the island, was totally destroyed. The waves also smashed prows at the coast in the village of Goenong Sie Foli, north of Mego. The tsunami persisted until 04:30.[9]

A sea disturbance was observed in the Malacca Strait at the time of the earthquake, however, that was attributed to the weather.[8]

Characteristic

A research article published in 2006 by the journal Science of Tsunami Hazards estimated the moment magnitude (Mw ) at 7.2.[5] In the book A catalogue of tsunamis on the western shore of the Pacific Ocean, the surface-wave magnitude was assigned 7.3.[10] In 2013, the journal Geophysical Research Letters published a finding that re-estimated the moment magnitude to at least Mw  7.8 based on information of the extent of tsunami inundation.[1]

It is unclear where the source of the earthquake originated, but may have occurred on the interface of the Sunda megathrust or a shallow splay fault within the accretionary wedge of the overriding plate.[11]

The events of 1843 is the earliest record of an earthquake on Nias Island. Subsequent earthquakes in 1861 and 1907 would also occur on the island. It resulted in some uplift and subsidence on the northwestern section of Nias Island as investigated by scientists using microatolls. The island was raised by 17 centimeters during the quake. Uplift of the island also occurred during the large earthquakes of 1861, 2005 and 2010.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Suleyman Nalbant; John McCloskey; Sandy Steacy; Mairead NicBhloscaidh; Shane Murphy (2013). "Interseismic coupling, stress evolution, and earthquake slip on the Sunda megathrust" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (16): 4204–4208. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.4204N. doi:10.1002/grl.50776. S2CID 59068187.
  2. ^ a b c "Significant Earthquake Information". ngdc.noaa.gov. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  3. ^ Belle Philibosian Kerry Sieh Jean-Philippe Avouac Danny H. Natawidjaja Hong-Wei Chiang Chung-Che Wu Hugo Perfettini Chuan-Chou Shen Mudrik R. Daryono Bambang W. Suwargadi (2014). "Rupture and variable coupling behavior of the Mentawai segment of the Sunda megathrust during the supercycle culmination of 1797 to 1833". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (9): 7258–7287. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.7258P. doi:10.1002/2014JB011200. hdl:10356/79397.
  4. ^ Sieh, Kerry (2007). "The Sunda megathrust – Past, present and future" (PDF). Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 1: 1–19. doi:10.1142/S179343110700002X.
  5. ^ a b B. K. Rastogi; R. K. Jaiswal (2006). "A catalog of tsunamis in the Indian Ocean". Science of Tsunami Hazards. 25 (3). Hyderabad, India: National Geophysical Research Institute.
  6. ^ a b c R. Baird. "Register of Indian and Asiatic Earthquakes for the year 1843 by Lieutenant R. Baird". Journal of the Asiatic Society. 14: 604–619 – via Scribd.
  7. ^ Vina Jie-Min Prasad. "Earth tremors in Singapore". National Library Board.
  8. ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (Data set), doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7, retrieved 8 February 2022
  9. ^ "Time-varying interseismic strain rates and similar seismic ruptures on the Nias–Simeulue patch of the Sunda megathrust (Supplementary Material)" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 122: 258–281. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  10. ^ Soloviev, S.L.; Go, Ch. N. (1974). A catalogue of tsunamis on the western shore of the Pacific Ocean. Moscow, Russia: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka Publishing House. p. 439.
  11. ^ a b Aron J. Meltzner; Kerry Sieh; Hong-Wei Chiang; Chung-Che Wu; Louisa L.H. Tsang; Chuan-Chou Shen; Emma M. Hill; Bambang W. Suwargadi; Danny H. Natawidjaja; Belle Philibosian; Richard W. Briggs (2015). "Time-varying interseismic strain rates and similar seismic ruptures on the Nias–Simeulue patch of the Sunda megathrust". Quaternary Science Reviews. 122. Elsevier: 258–281. Bibcode:2015QSRv..122..258M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.003.

Read other articles:

Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship

1795/96 Novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (May 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the...

 

Universal Pictures

Universal Pictures Universal City Studios LLC Sede central en Universal City (Estados Unidos).Otros nombres Universal StudiosTipo DivisiónIndustria Producciónes cinematográficasForma legal Sociedad por accionesFundación 30 de abril de 1912 (111 años, 6 meses y 16 días)Fundador Carl LaemmlePat PowersDavid HorsleyWilliam SwansonMark DintenfassCharles BaumannRobert H. CochraneAdam KesselJules BrulatourSede central 10 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, Condado de Los Ánge...

 

أندريه غلانزمان

أندريه غلانزمان معلومات شخصية الميلاد 27 مارس 1907(1907-03-27)بريشوف  تاريخ الوفاة 23 يونيو 1988 (عن عمر ناهز 81 عاماً) مركز اللعب مهاجم الجنسية رومانيا  المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 1929–1930 أوراديا 1930 ريبنسيا تيميشوارا 1930–1935 أوراديا 36 (7) المنتخب الوطني 1931–1932 رومانيا 13 ...

Swiss Federal Railways

National railway company of Switzerland SBB CFF FFS redirects here. For other uses of these acronyms, see SBB (disambiguation), CFF (disambiguation), and FFS (disambiguation). Swiss Federal RailwaysHead office in BernNative nameSchweizerische Bundesbahnen SBB (German)[1]Chemins de fer fédéraux suisses CFF (French)[1]Ferrovie federali svizzere FFS (Italian)[1]Viafiers federalas svizras VFF (Romansh)[2][3][4][note 1]T...

 

Пітхораґарх

ПітхораґархPithoragarhपिथौरागढ़ Основні дані 29°35′09″ пн. ш. 80°12′54″ сх. д. / 29.585871000027779587° пн. ш. 80.21516700002777611° сх. д. / 29.585871000027779587; 80.21516700002777611Координати: 29°35′09″ пн. ш. 80°12′54″ сх. д. / 29.585871000027779587° пн. ш. 80.21516700002777611° с...

 

سرب ألبرت

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها...

العلاقات البوتسوانية الطاجيكستانية

العلاقات البوتسوانية الطاجيكستانية بوتسوانا طاجيكستان   بوتسوانا   طاجيكستان تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البوتسوانية الطاجيكستانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بوتسوانا وطاجيكستان.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة و�...

 

Народний будинок (Чернігів)

Народний будинок Країна  Україна Адміністративна одиниця Чернігів Народний будинок[1] або Будинок працьовитості[2] — пам'ятка архітектури місцевого значення у Чернігові. Наразі у будівлі розміщується Чернігівський обласний спортивно-технічний клуб Товариств

 

غوف وايتلام

غوف وايتلام (بالإنجليزية: Edward Gough Whitlam)‏    معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالإنجليزية: Edward Gough Whitlam)‏  الميلاد 11 يوليو 1916(1916-07-11)ملبورن الوفاة 21 أكتوبر 2014 (98 سنة)سيدني مواطنة أستراليا  الطول 194 سنتيمتر  مناصب عضو مجلس النواب الأسترالي   في المنصب29 نوفمبر 1952  – 31 يو�...

Magistrates of the Roman Kingdom

Political office of the Roman Kingdom Politics of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom753–509 BC Roman Republic509–27 BC Roman Empire27 BC – AD 395 Principate27 BC – AD 284 DominateAD 284–641 WesternAD 395–476 EasternAD 395–1453 Timeline Constitution Kingdom Republic Sullan republic Empire Augustan reforms Late Empire Political institutions Imperium Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Assemblies Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal Ordinary magistrates Consul Pr...

 

The Unfunnies

The UnfunniesCover of the 1st issue.Publication informationScheduleIrregularFormatLimited seriesGenre Black comedy Horror Publication dateJanuary 2004 – October 2007No. of issues4Creative teamCreated byMark MillarAnthony WilliamsWritten byMark MillarArtist(s)Anthony WilliamsLetterer(s)John LaymanColorist(s)Anthony WilliamsEditor(s)William A. Christensen The Unfunnies is a four-issue adult comedy horror comic book mini-series created by Mark Millar and Anthony Williams and pub...

 

Cầu Long Biên

Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Long Biên (định hướng). Cầu Long BiênCầu Long BiênQuốc gia Việt NamVị tríHà NộiTuyến đường02 làn xe cơ giới & 02 làn đi bộ; 1 làn đường sắt ở giữa;Bắc quaSông HồngTọa độ21°02′36″B 105°51′32″Đ / 21,0433°B 105,8589°Đ / 21.0433; 105.8589Tên khácCầu Bồ Đề, cầu Paul DoumerThông số kỹ thuậtKiểu cầuCầu thép, cầu giànTổng chiều...

Swing (dance)

Group of dances tied to jazz This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Swing dance – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Swing dancePeter Loggins and Mia Goldsmith swing dancing at the Moore Theatre, Seattle, Washington.GenreJ...

 

Prospect Park Water Tower

Historic water tower United States historic placeProspect Park Water Tower and Tower Hill ParkU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtContributing property The Prospect Park Water Tower overlooking Tower Hill ParkShow map of MinnesotaShow map of the United StatesLocation55 Malcolm Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MinnesotaCoordinates44°58′7″N 93°12′46″W / 44.96861°N 93.21278°W / 44.96861; -93.21278Area4.7 acres (1.9 ha)Built1906 (park), 1...

 

مرايا 2000 (مسلسل)

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (فبراير 2019) مرايا 2000 النوع كوميدي تأليف ياسر العظمة إخراج مأمون البني بطولة ياسر العظمة البلد سوريا عدد الحلقات 30 مد�...

Ripening Youth (1955 film)

1955 film Ripening YouthDirected byUlrich ErfurthWritten byFritz AeckerleGerhard BillerMax Dreyer (play)StarringAdelheid SeeckMaximilian SchellAlbert LievenCinematographyEkkehard KyrathEdited byLiselotte CochiusMusic byHanson Milde-MeissnerProductioncompanyConcordia FilmDistributed byArgus-FilmRelease date15 September 1955Running time97 minutesCountryWest GermanyLanguageGerman Ripening Youth (German: Reifende Jugend) is a 1955 West German drama film directed by Ulrich Erfurth and starring Ade...

 

Ungu Violet

2005 Indonesian filmUngu VioletDirected byRizal MantovaniScreenplay byJujur PranantoStory byJujur PranantoProduced byRaam PunjabiStarring Dian Sastrowardoyo Rizky Hanggono Rima Melati Syarifa Zifa Agastya Kandou Gary Iskak Ade Irawan Titi Qadarsih Rosaline Oscar Katinka Niniek L. Karim CinematographyYudi DatauEdited bySastha SunuMusic byPiyuProductioncompanyMultivision Plus PicturesRelease date June 23, 2005 (2005-06-23) (Indonesia) Running time115 minutesCountryIndonesiaLa...

 

Supernatural (season 12)

Season of television series Season of television series SupernaturalSeason 12DVD cover artStarring Jared Padalecki Jensen Ackles Mark A. Sheppard Mark Pellegrino Misha Collins Country of originUnited StatesNo. of episodes23ReleaseOriginal networkThe CWOriginal releaseOctober 13, 2016 (2016-10-13) –May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 11Next →Season 13List of episodes The twelfth season of Supernatural, an American dark fantasy television se...

Tachikawa Ki-17

Japanese trainer aircraft Ki-17 Tachikawa Ki-17 Role Military training aircraftType of aircraft Manufacturer Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd First flight July 1935 Primary user Imperial Japanese Army Air Academy Produced 1936 - 1943 Number built 560 The Tachikawa Ki-17 (九五式三型練習機, Kyugoshiki san-gata renshuki) was a basic training aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force built by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd in the 1930s. It was known to the Allies under the nickn...

 

Turbolinux

Turbolinux Turbolinux 12.5 — KDE Desktop Разработчик Turbolinux Inc Семейство ОС Linux Первый выпуск 16 июня 1998 года Последняя версия 12.5J (29 августа 2012 года) Тип ядра Монолитное ядро Интерфейс KDE Состояние проект закрыт Веб-сайт www.turbolinux.com Turbolinux — дистрибутив Linux, который создан японской компан�...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya