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2023 United Kingdom reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete crisis

The 2023 United Kingdom reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete crisis relates to increased safety concerns over reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete, commonly used historically in roofing and wall construction within the public sector, having gained popularity in the mid-1950s as a cheaper and more lightweight alternative to conventional reinforced concrete.

Structural issues involving RAAC began surfacing publicly in the United Kingdom in the 1990s. Concerns were amplified in 2023 following reports of an earlier roofing collapse at a British primary school, which fell without warning in 2018. The material is still present in the UK in public buildings such as schools and hospitals. The material's nature makes it difficult to identify these issues before collapse, leading to the Department for Education issuing emergency closures to a number of schools due to the risk to pupils.

Detail of air bubbles in aerated autoclaved concrete component of RAAC, which reduce the material's density. Note, no reinforcing steel is shown.

Background

RAAC has been shown to have limited structural reinforcement bar (rebar) integrity in 40 to 50 year-old RAAC roof panels, which began to be observed in the 1990s.[1][2][3][4][5] The material is liable to fail without visible deterioration or warning.[1][5] The material is not the root cause, rather inadequate roof maintenance, which permits water infiltration, and decisions by building owners as to repair or the replacement of existing roofs, which is a part of cost-benefit analysis.[6]

Professional engineering concern was publicly raised in 1995 about the structural performance of RAAC following inspections of cracked units in British school roofs.[7] Structural deficiencies and signs of corrosion were observed in 1996.[8] It was then recommended that owners of buildings, including schools, arrange for RAAC roofs to be inspected.[9] Concern regarding the material was subsequently raised in July 2018, following a roof collapse at Singlewell primary school in Gravesend, Kent.[10][11] In August 2022, the UK Government Property Agency stated that "RAAC is now life-expired and liable to collapse".[1][12]

In 2023, the UK government raised concerns about the structural integrity of buildings containing RAAC, and ordered remedial action to be taken.[13]

In May 2023, the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Steve Barclay, confirmed seven hospitals in England, which were constructed largely with RAAC, were not safe to operate beyond 2030.[14] The hospitals were surveyed in 2022.[15] His list included Airedale General Hospital in West Yorkshire, for which a rebuild was approved that month,[16] as 83 per cent of the hospital was constructed of RAAC, with the ceiling held up by props(Jack Posts) .[16][17]

School closures and spread of concerns

In August 2023, more than 100 school buildings in England were ordered to be closed while safety measures were installed,[18][19][12] after a beam collapsed at a school.[20] The figure was later revised to 174.[21] The Health and Safety Executive warned that RAAC could "collapse with little or no notice".[22] Other public buildings such as Harrow Crown Court (which opened in 1991) and Royal & Derngate theatre in Northampton were also closed indefinitely.[23][24] A number of other theatres have subsequently been found to have RAAC.[25] The Scottish Government subsequently confirmed that RAAC had been found in 35 of Scotland's council-run schools.[26] This figure was later revised to 40 following continued inspection, with the First Minister, Humza Yousaf, confirming that fire stations and NHS buildings were also affected.[27] In Wales, RAAC had been found at four schools by 14 September – two in Anglesey, one in Denbighshire and one in Conwy. One of the Anglesey schools had reopened following inspection, while the other three were closed while they underwent inspection.[28]

On 3 September, Chancellor Jeremy Hunt said the UK government would "spend what it takes" to put right defective concrete in schools,[29] but conceded that structural problems could be identified in more schools and other public buildings.[30] On the same day, Neil Gray, Scotland's Wellbeing Economy Secretary, said there was no immediate risk to schools in Scotland.[31] On 4 September, and after confirming that more schools could be affected, Education Secretary Gillian Keegan was recorded on camera by ITV News criticising "others" for being "sat on their arses" while suggesting the UK government should be thanked for their response. She later apologised for her use of language and said her comments were "off the cuff" and "unnecessary".[32][33] On the same day, the UK government ordered an urgent investigation into court buildings built in the 1990s to determine whether they contained defective concrete.[34] On 6 September, a team of experts from Loughborough University recommended safety checks should be carried out on tens of thousands of publicly and privately owned buildings for RAAC.[35] On 7 September, it was reported that a number of theatres had closed temporarily as a precautionary measure after crumbling concrete was found at venues in Dartford, Cardiff, Northampton and Carlisle, and while structural tests were carried out.[36] Buildings at 13 UK universities told the BBC some buildings had been closed as a result of RAAC being discovered on campus,[37] with nine reported to be in Scotland.[38] On 8 September, both Heathrow and Gatwick Airports said they were monitoring porous concrete after discovering RAAC in buildings on site.[39] On 11 September, it emerged that the reopening of Preston Guild Hall, closed for renovation since 2019, would be delayed while inspections were carried out to see it RAAC was present in its roof panels.[40] On 20 September, Bridgend Indoor Market in the town's Rhiw Shopping Centre was closed with immediate effect after RAAC was discovered in the roof.[41]

In September 2023, RAAC was discovered at the Houses of Parliament

On 4 September, Jonathan Slater, a former civil servant, claimed that British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak reduced the funds available for school repairs during his tenure as Chancellor of the Exchequer.[42] On 5 September, a BBC News investigation found that at least 13 schools affected by defective concrete had funding for rebuilding withdrawn in 2010.[43] That number was later revised to 17.[44] On 6 September, the Opposition Labour Party unsuccessfully attempted to force a parliamentary vote that would force the government to publish documents relating to school funding while Sunak was Chancellor.[45]

On 12 September 2023, it was reported that RAAC had been discovered in the Palace of Westminster.[46] A parliamentary spokesperson claimed there was no ‘immediate risk’ to life.[47] On 3 October, Aberdeen City Council said that RAAC was likely to have been used in hundreds of properties in the city.[48] Sheffield City Council announced that 40,000 properties would be examined for possible RAAC.[49] On 19 October, the UK government published an updated list of 214 schools and colleges in England affected by reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete.[50] This included a number in the East of England.[51] Three more schools in Surrey were added to the list.[52] RAAC was discovered in a further 18 more hospitals.[53]

On 29 November, the first case of RAAC to be discovered in Northern Ireland was found at a South Belfast primary school.[54] On 29 February 2024, it was reported that Aberdeen City Council were in the process of rehoming tenants in around 500 properties following the discovery of reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete in some of the buildings.[55] On 11 March, the occupants of around forty houses in Hirwaun, South Wales, managed by Trivallis Housing Association, were advised to evacuate the properties following the discovery of reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete.[56]

Repairs

On 8 February 2024, the UK government confirmed that more than 100 school buildings containing reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete would be rebuilt or refurbished.[57]

Legacy

On 3 January 2024, a BBC News article reported that students at schools affected by reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete had been forced to change the subjects they were studying at GCSE because they did not have access to facilities such as laboratories or design and technology rooms. The article said that some students were concerned about poor exam results as they had been required to change subjects at the eleventh hour.[58]

On 11 January 2024 York Museums Trust supplied a report to York City Council on the discovery of RAAC in the York Castle Museum. It is one of three museums in the UK with RAAC and the only listed building. YMT reported that the closure to the Castle Museum because of RAAC during 2023 resulted in a loss of earnings of over £400,000 and forced the Trust to use £80,000 from their financial reserves to cover the cost of repairs.[59]

On 2nd May 2024, BBC News reported that RAAC built council homes had been sold by the government under the Right To Buy scheme, after the 1995 industry assessment of its hazards, with no warning to the buyers. Some even as recently as 2018.[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Goodier, Chris (17 March 2023). "Expert explainer: What is Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC) and why are people concerned about it?". Loughborough: Loughborough University. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Children At Risk In Schools Where Concrete Could Collapse". Itv.com. 16 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete: estates guidance". GOV.UK. 31 August 2023.
  4. ^ "What is the problem with Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC)?". Surveyors to Education. 8 April 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Information on Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC)". Local Government Association (UK). Retrieved 1 September 2023. The LGA is advising its members to check as a matter of urgency whether any buildings in their estates have roofs, floors, cladding or walls made of Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC)
  6. ^ Tagg, Adrian; Purnell, Phil (1 September 2023). "Expert reaction to situation with RAAC in school buildings". SMC. London: The Science Media Centre. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  7. ^ Victor Whitworth (21 February 1995). "Verulam column: Relying on British Standards". The Structural Engineer. 73 (4): 68.
  8. ^ Currie, R. J.; Matthews, S. L. (1996). Information Paper 10/96, Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete planks designed before 1980. Garston, England: Building Research Establishment. p. 8. ISBN 1860811183.
  9. ^ SCOSS (1999). Twelfth Report of The Standing Committee on Structural Safety, Structural Safety 1997–99 (PDF). London: SETO. pp. 32–33. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  10. ^ Banfield-Nwachi, Mabel (31 August 2023). "What is RAAC and why is it forcing schools to shut buildings?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  11. ^ "RAAC crisis escalates as more than 100 schools told to get out now". www.theconstructionindex.co.uk. 1 September 2023.
  12. ^ a b Booth, Robert; Walker, Peter; Adams, Richard (31 August 2023). "Thousands of pupils may have to start term online as over 100 schools affected by crumble-risk concrete". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  13. ^ Syal, Rajeev; Hill, Jessica (14 June 2023). "UK public buildings feared to be at risk of collapse as concrete crumbles". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  14. ^ Barclay, Steve (25 May 2023). "New Hospitals". Hansard. 733. London: UK Parliament. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  15. ^ "Review completed into hospitals at risk of collapse". BBC News. 5 July 2022.
  16. ^ a b Page, Fiona (25 May 2023). "Green light given for new state-of-the-art Airedale General Hospital". Airedale NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  17. ^ Billington, Michael (2 June 2023). "How 'crumbling' Airedale General Hospital wards are held up by hundreds of props". ITV News. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  18. ^ "School buildings in England to shut over concrete safety fears". BBC News. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  19. ^ "Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete: guidance for responsible bodies and education settings with confirmed RAAC". GOV.UK. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  20. ^ Evans, Holly (1 September 2023). "The one beam that has forced over 100 schools to close". The Independent. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  21. ^ Standley, Nathan (19 September 2023). "Raac: Number of English schools with unsafe concrete rises to 174". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  22. ^ "What is RAAC concrete and how many schools are affected?". BBC News. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  23. ^ Jackson, Liz (25 August 2023). "Harrow Crown court closed after dangerous concrete found". BBC News. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  24. ^ "Northampton's Royal and Derngate theatre closed after RAAC found". BBC News. 4 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  25. ^ "Several theatres shut doors over fears about RAAC concrete". BBC News. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  26. ^ "Concrete-risk wall secured from collapse at Scottish school". BBC News. 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  27. ^ "Raac found in schools in 16 Scottish local council areas". BBC News. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  28. ^ Matthews, Antonia; Evans, Dafydd (14 September 2023). "Raac: Kinmel Bay and Denbigh schools close over concrete". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  29. ^ Baker, Graeme (3 September 2023). "Jeremy Hunt says government will 'spend what it takes' to make schools safe". BBC News. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  30. ^ Rogers, Alexandra (3 September 2023). "More schools and other public buildings with structural problems could come to light, Jeremy Hunt says". Sky News. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  31. ^ "No immediate concrete risk to pupils in Scottish schools, says minister". BBC News. 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  32. ^ "Gillian Keegan recorded saying others 'have been sat on their a***s' on school Raac crisis". ITV News. 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  33. ^ Whammel, Kate (4 September 2023). "Gillian Keegan apologises for swearing over school concrete crisis". BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  34. ^ Zeffman, Henry (4 September 2023). "Concrete tests ordered on 1990s court buildings". BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  35. ^ Ghosh, Pallab (6 September 2023). "Experts warn RAAC concrete affects thousands of UK buildings". BBC News. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  36. ^ Youngs, Ian (7 September 2023). "Several theatres shut doors over fears about Raac concrete". BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  37. ^ Doherty, Aisha; Clarke, Vanessa (7 September 2023). "Student unions and lecture halls shut at Raac unis". BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  38. ^ "Nine Scottish universities close buildings over Raac concrete". BBC News. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  39. ^ "Heathrow and Gatwick airports have Raac on sites". BBC News. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  40. ^ "Preston Guild Hall: Crumbling Raac concrete fears at venue". BBC News. BBC. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  41. ^ Leonard, Eben; Grey, Jack (20 September 2023). "Bridgend Indoor Market shuts immediately over concrete concern". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  42. ^ Faulkner, Doug; Zeffman, Henry; Jeffreys, Branwen (4 September 2023). "School repair budgets cut despite risk warning over concrete - ex-civil servant". BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  43. ^ Wainwright, Daniel; Gilder, Lucy (5 September 2023). "13 schools with RAAC had building work scrapped". BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  44. ^ Wainwright, Daniel; Gilder, Lucy (5 September 2023). "Building work was scrapped at 17 schools with RAAC". BBC News. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  45. ^ "Labour move to force school funding documents fails". BBC News. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  46. ^ "Raac discovered in Houses of Parliament but poses 'no immediate risk'". BBC News. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  47. ^ Media, P. A. (11 September 2023). "Collapse-risk concrete found in Houses of Parliament". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  48. ^ "Council suspects RAAC was used in hundreds of Aberdeen homes". BBC News. BBC. 3 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  49. ^ "Sheffield Raac review to examine 40,000 properties over concrete fears". BBC News. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  50. ^ Parry, Louise (19 October 2023). "More schools in the East of England added to government Raac list". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  51. ^ "More schools in the East of England added to government Raac list". BBC News. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  52. ^ "Crumbling concrete: Raac found in three more Surrey schools". BBC News. 21 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  53. ^ "Crumbling concrete: Raac found in 18 more hospitals in England". BBC News. 20 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  54. ^ "Crumbling concrete: First case of Raac found in Northern Ireland". BBC News. BBC. 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  55. ^ "Hundreds to be rehomed in Aberdeen over RAAC fears". BBC News. BBC. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  56. ^ Cheung, Iolo; Slow, Oliver (11 March 2024). "Hirwaun: People urged to evacuate 44 homes after Raac found". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  57. ^ Clarke, Vanessa (8 February 2024). "Raac: More than 100 school buildings will be rebuilt or refurbished". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  58. ^ Shearing, Hazel (3 January 2024). "Students at Raac schools fear they are 'kissing top grades goodbye'". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  59. ^ "York Castle Museum asks for more help after RAAC discovery". York Press. 11 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  60. ^ "My house is worthless because of RAAC concrete". BBC News. 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

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