The 42nd Infantry Division (42ID) ("Rainbow"[1]) is a division of the United States Army National Guard. It was nicknamed the Rainbow Division because, during rapid mobilization for service in WW1, it was formed from 27 National Guard units from across the US. The division was engaged in four major operations between July 1918 and the armistice in November 1918, and demobilized in 1919. Since World War I, the 42nd Infantry Division has served in World War II and the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).
The division is currently headquartered at the Glenmore Road Armory in Troy, New York. The division headquarters is a unit of the New York Army National Guard. The division currently includes Army National Guard units from fourteen different states, including Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. As of 2007[update], 67 percent of 42ID soldiers are located in New York and New Jersey.[2]
World War I
Men of Company D, 165th Infantry Regiment, 42nd Division, on hike from Bénaménil, France, to a rest camp at Chenevières, March 1, 1918.Memorial in Fère-en-Tardenois (France).
Rainbow Division
When the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany in April 1917, it federalized the National Guard and organized many of its units into divisions to quickly build up the Army. Douglas MacArthur, then a major, suggested to Major General William Abram Mann, the head of the Militia Bureau, that he form a division from the units of several states that had not been assigned to divisions. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker approved the proposal, and recalled MacArthur saying that such an organization would "stretch over the whole country like a rainbow."[3]
On 1 August 1917, the War Department directed the formation of a composite National Guard division, comprising units from 26 states and the District of Columbia. As a result, the 42nd Division came to be known as the "Rainbow Division". The name stuck, and MacArthur was promoted to colonel and became the division's chief of staff, with Mann as its commander.[4]
Original design of 42nd Infantry Division "Rainbow" patch, showing half arc. The patch was later modified to a quarter arc.Another version of the original design of 42nd Infantry Division "Rainbow" patch, showing half arc.WW I colors unfurled for first time in France. Note half arc rainbow in design.
The 42nd Division adopted a shoulder patch and distinctive unit insignia acknowledging the nickname.[16][17] Division lore includes the story that division commander Charles T. Menoher approved the patch after observing a rainbow shortly before a battle, deciding this was a favorable omen.[18] The original version of the patch symbolized a half arc rainbow and contained thin bands in multiple colors.[19][20][21] During the latter part of World War I and post war occupation duty in Germany, the patch was changed to a quarter arc.[18] According to the division's official history, Colonel William N. Hughes Jr., who had succeeded MacArthur as chief of staff, was credited with modifying the design to a quarter arc in an attempt to standardize it.[18] According to World War I veterans of the 42nd Division, soldiers removed half the original symbol to memorialize the half of the division's soldiers who had been killed or wounded during the war.[19][22] They also reduced the number of colors to just red, gold and blue bordered in green, to standardize the design and make the patch easier to reproduce.[18][21]
Description: The 4th quadrant of a rainbow with three bands of color: red, gold and blue, each 3/8-inch (.95 cm) in width, outer radius 2 inches (5.08 cm); all within a 1/8-inch (.32 cm) Army green border.[16]
Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally authorized by telegram on 29 October 1918.[16] It was officially authorized for wear on 27 May 1922.[16] It was reauthorized for wear when the division was reactivated for World War II.[16] On 8 September 1947, it was authorized for the post-World War II 42nd Infantry Division when it was reactivated as a National Guard unit.[16]
Order of battle
Square Division example: 1940 US Infantry Division. On the far left can be seen two Brigades of two Regiments each
Headquarters, 42nd Division (future General of the Army, then Colonel Douglas MacArthur, served as the chief of staff of the 42nd Division)
117th Engineer Regiment (formerly Separate Battalions, Engineers, California and South Carolina National Guards)
117th Field Signal Battalion (formerly 1st Battalion, Signal Corps, Missouri National Guard)
Headquarters Troop, 42nd Division (formerly 1st Separate Troop, Cavalry, Louisiana National Guard)
117th Train Headquarters and Military Police (formerly 1st and 2nd Companies, Coast Artillery, Virginia National Guard)
117th Ammunition Train (formerly 1st Ammunition Train, Kansas National Guard)
117th Supply Train (formerly Supply Train, Texas National Guard)
117th Engineer Train (formerly Engineer Train, North Carolina National Guard)
117th Sanitary Train (165th–168th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals)
165th Ambulance Company (formerly 1st Ambulance Company, Michigan National Guard)
165th Field Hospital (formerly 1st Field Hospital, Washington, D.C. National Guard)
166th Ambulance Company (formerly 1st Ambulance Company, New Jersey National Guard)
166th Field Hospital (formerly 1st Field Hospital, Nebraska National Guard)
167th Ambulance Company (formerly 1st Ambulance Company, Tennessee National Guard)
167th Field Hospital (formerly 1st Field Hospital, Oregon National Guard)
168th Ambulance Company (formerly 1st Ambulance Company, Oklahoma National Guard)
168th Field Hospital (formerly 1st Field Hospital, Colorado National Guard
Interwar period
As the 42nd was a composite division, it was not contemplated for reorganization after World War I, and all of its former elements were assigned to other National Guard divisions or remained demobilized.
World War II
Activated: 14 July 1943
Overseas: November 1944.
Campaigns: Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe.
Triangular Division example: 1942 U.S. infantry division. The brigades of the Square division have been removed, and there are three regiments directly under divisional control.
When reconstituted in the Army of the United States on 5 February 1943, the 42ID was a unique unit, as it continued the lineage of the Rainbow Division from World War I. The officer and enlisted cadre came from the 102nd Infantry Division and from personnel stationed at bases in Hawaii and Newfoundland, while the enlisted fillers came from every state; from the division's activation until it stood down in Austria, the division displayed not only the national and divisional colors, but all 48 state colors (state flags) at every formal assembly. To emphasize the 42ID's continued lineage from the 42ID of World War I, division commander Major General Harry J. Collins issued the orders that activated the unit on 14 July, the eve of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Champagne-Marne campaign in France.[24]
From January to September 1944, the 42nd Infantry Division was subject to large-scale removals of personnel to adhere to War Department policies stating that the greatest possible proportion of men sent overseas as replacements should have at least six months of training, prohibiting the sending of soldiers who were younger than nineteen or who had children conceived prior to Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor overseas as replacements unless men could be found from other sources, to supplement the capacity of replacement training centers, and to build up a reserve of replacements for Operation Overlord.
From January to September, a cumulative total of 15,000 men were transferred out of the division, its three infantry regiments losing 5,600 men from January to April. Beginning in the latter month, "when the initial age rules began to have a substantial effect" on manpower utilization, and until September, the division lost 3,936 infantrymen, 840 field artillerymen, and 45 cavalrymen. Major withdrawals ceased in July, and the division was ordered to start an abbreviated training program from the ground up. In mid-October 1944, 25% of the men in the division's regiments had been members since January 1944 or before, 20% had joined from replacement training centers during the past thirty days, 20% were former Army Specialized Training Program students or aviation cadets with approximately five months of training in the division, and 35% were men from other arms, principally antiaircraft, with approximately four months of training in the division.
On 14 October 1944, the three infantry regiments were alerted for imminent overseas movement, and the entire division was restricted to Camp Gruber. The disruption caused by the withdrawal of personnel and advancement of readiness dates meant that the division did not get the chance to participate in major division-versus-division maneuvers.
Combat chronicle
The three infantry regiments (222nd, 232nd, & 242nd) and a detachment of the 42ID Headquarters arrived in France at Marseille on 8 to 9 December 1944, and were formed into Task Force (TF) Linden, under Henning Linden, the Assistant Division Commander (ADC).[25] As part of the Seventh Army's VI Corps, TF Linden entered combat in the vicinity of Strasbourg, relieving elements of the 36ID on 24 December 1944.[25]
While defending on a 31-mile sector along the Rhine north and south of Strasbourg in January 1945, TF Linden repulsed a number of enemy counterattacks at Hatten and other locations during the German "Operation Northwind" offensive.[25] At the headquarters of 1st Battalion, 242nd Infantry, Private First Class Vito R. Bertoldo waged a 48-hour defense of the battalion command post, for which he received the Medal of Honor. When the command post was attacked by a German tank with its 88-mm. gun and machine gun fire, Bertoldo remained at his post, and with his own machine gun killed the occupants of the tank when they tried to remove mines which were blocking their advance.[26] On 24 and 25 January 1945, in the Bois D'Ohlungen, and the vicinity of Schweighouse-sur-Moder and Neubourg, the 222nd Infantry Regiment held a position covering a front of 7,500 yards, three times the normal frontage for a regiment in defense. After a two-hour artillery bombardment, the 222nd Infantry Regiment was repeatedly attacked by elements of the German 7th Parachute, 47th Volks Grenadier Division, and the 25th Panzer Grenadier Division. During the ensuing struggle, one company of the 222nd Infantry was surrounded, but withdrew from their position and infiltrated back through the Germans to the regimental lines after exhausting all but 35 rounds of ammunition. For 24 hours, the battle raged, but the Germans were never able to break through the 222nd lines. For this action the 222nd Infantry Regiment was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation (2001). After these enemy attacks, TF Linden returned to reserve of the 7th Army and trained with the remainder of the 42ID which had arrived in the meantime.
On 14 February 1945, the 42ID as a whole entered combat.[25] Initially occupying defensive positions near Haguenau, after a month of patrolling in the Hardt Forest, the division went on the offensive.[25] During the night of 27 February, elements of the German 6th Mountain Division were withdrawn under cover of heavy artillery and mortar fire and replaced by the 221st Volksgrenadier Regiment. In the brief period this unit had been in the line, German soldiers had come to fear the 42nd Division's patrols and raids. "Is your Division a part of Roosevelt's SS?" asked one German when captured. The remark circulated and men kidded each other about being in the Rainbow SS.[27] The 42ID attacked through the Hardt Forest during 15 to 21 March, broke through the Siegfried Line, and cleared Dahn and Busenberg, while Third Army created and expanded bridgeheads across the Rhine.[25] Moving across the Rhine on 31 March, the division captured Wertheim am Main on 1 April and Würzburg on 6 April, following a fierce battle from 2 to 6 April.[25]Schweinfurt fell next after hand-to-hand engagements during the period of 9 to 12 April.[25]Fürth, near Nuremberg, put up fanatical resistance on 18 and 19 April but was taken by the 42ID.[25]
24 December 1944: VI Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group
25 March 1945: XXI Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group
19 April 1945: XV Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group
The 42nd Division ended World War II on occupation duty in Austria and was inactivated by the end of January 1947.[31]
Cold War
On 13 October 1945, the War Department published a postwar policy statement for the entire Army.[31] After the policy statement was published, the Army Staff prepared a postwar National Guard troop basis, which included twenty-four divisions, including the 42nd Infantry Division. Most soldiers considered the 42nd, initially organized with state troops in 1917, as a Guard formation. During the process, New York successfully petitioned the War Department for all units of the 42nd Infantry Division. After the state governors formally notified the National Guard Bureau that they accepted the new troop allotments, the bureau authorized reorganization of the units with 100 percent of their officers and 80 percent of their enlisted personnel. By September 1947, the 42nd Division headquarters, along with all the other new Guard divisional headquarters, had received federal recognition.
In April 1963, the 42nd Division was reorganized under the Reorganization Objective Army Division structure.[32] From 1967 to 1969, the division was briefly part of the Selected Reserve Force, designed to reinforce the active army in Vietnam. In a 1968 reorganization, the division was split between the New York Army National Guard and the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.[33] In 1973–74, the division was converted back into an all-New York organization.
The 42nd Infantry Division absorbed the units of the 26th Infantry Division and the 50th Armored Division of the Massachusetts and New Jersey Army National Guard, respectively, in post-Cold War restructuring. All three divisions were severely understrength, so the assets of the three were combined into one. The 50th Brigade, created from the assets of the disbanding 50th Armored Division, was initially assigned to the 42nd Infantry Division as an armored brigade, but was transformed to an infantry brigade combat team (BCT) in the very first years of the 21st century as part of Army modularity.
In the 1970s, the division headquarters was located at the armory at 125 West 14th Street in Manhattan. It was relocated in December 1989 to the Glenmore Armory in Troy, New York and remains there to this day.[34]
Global War on Terrorism
Since the 11 September attacks, the 42ID has been extensively involved in the war on terrorism, in both homeland security (HLS) and expeditionary operations. The 42ID's 1–101st Cavalry led the New York Army National Guard's efforts and provided security at Ground Zero during the rescue and then recovery efforts there. 42ID units from the New Jersey Army National Guard provided security at all the major river crossings into New York City and Newark International Airport in the months following 11 September 2001.
The first major overseas effort of the 42ID was the deployment of elements of the 50th BCT/42ID to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. The 2–102nd Armor Battalion deployed as ILO MP's and served with the Joint Detention Operation Group in the detention facility. The 2nd Battalion, 113th Infantry deployed to Guantanamo Bay as well and provided security for the Joint Task Force at Camp Delta. While there elements of the 2nd Battalion, 102nd Armor supported the first military tribunals held at the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility. Elements have also deployed to the Horn of Africa and Djibouti. New Jersey's 3/112th Field Artillery and 5/117th Cavalry deployed as an ILO Military Police Company with 89th MP Brigade/759th Military Police Battalion; served in Sadr City, and worked alongside the First Cavalry Division. Stationed out of Camp Cuervo (Al Rustimayah) in Baghdad, platoons also worked with U.S. Marines in Fallujah. On 4 June 2004, SSG Carvill and SGT Duffy were killed and the following day the unit lost SPC Doltz and SSG Timoteo.
Sgt. Rikki Sanchez, from the 150th General Support Aviation Battalion, 42nd Infantry Division, mans an M60D machine gun during a UH-60 Blackhawk mission in northern Iraq.
The 2/108th Infantry deployed to Iraq in 2004. In 2004–05, the 1/69 Infantry served in Iraq, eventually providing security on the Baghdad International Airport (BIAP) Road. The 42nd Combat Aviation Brigade also deployed to Iraq during this period.
In 2004, the division headquarters and division troops of the 42nd Infantry Division deployed as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) III, relieving the 1st Infantry Division (1ID). The division controlled the north-central Iraq area of operations. Serving as the command and control (C2) of Task Force Liberty, the 42ID took over responsibility for the area known as Multi-National Division North Central (MND-NC) including the provinces of Saladin, Diyala, At Ta'amim (Kirkuk) and As Sulymaniah from the 1st Infantry Division on 14 February 2005. The 42ID directed the operations of: 1st BCT, 3ID; 3rd BCT, 3ID; the 278th ACR; 3rd- 313rd Field Artillery, 56th BCT (Texas Army National Guard); and the 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team (Idaho, Oregon, and Montana Army National Guard). Soldiers conducted combat actions and raids, seized weapons caches, destroyed improvised explosive devices (IEDs), trained Iraqi army forces, and worked on reconstruction to ensure free elections. 1–69th Infantry of the 42ID manned the checkpoint where Italian SISMI officer Nicola Calipari was shot and killed.
Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Taluto, commanding general of the division during its deployment, commended the many contributions of the 42ID led Task Force Liberty. Vice Chief of Staff of the Army (VCSA), Gen. Richard Cody, saluted members of the 42ID at the unit's homecoming ceremony.[citation needed] The division's Headquarters and Headquarters Company was awarded the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation for its service in Iraq.[35]
In 2008, 26 company-sized elements of the 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), headquartered at Fort Dix, New Jersey, deployed to Iraq bringing the total number of NJ National Guard soldiers sent to Iraq and Afghanistan to over 3,200. These elements of the 50th IBCT were mobilized for one year, including stateside training and "boots on the ground" in theater. Premobilization training began in 2007 and took place in New Jersey, with further OIF specific preparation conducted at other Army installations out-of-state. Originally slated to deploy to Iraq in 2010, these elements deployed earlier as a result of changes needed to comply with new Department of Defense (DoD) policies. Earlier, in 2007, the DoD had reduced the amount of time units spend overseas in a combat theater, which in turn shifted mobilization schedules and required earlier deployments than anticipated. Elements of the 50th IBCT had deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) previously in 2004.
In 2008, the 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), headquartered in Syracuse, New York, was mobilized and deployed to Afghanistan to train Afghan National Army (ANA) and police forces. Initial personnel from the 27th IBCT deployed in late 2007, with the majority of the approximately 1,700 service members deployed by mid-2008.
In conjunction around February 2008, soldiers of the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team were beginning to receive notification of their upcoming deployment. The Brigade Commander at the time was Colonel William F. Roy. In 2009, the brigade did a rotation at JRTC in Fort Polk, LA. In December 2009, the brigade was officially mobilized and to report to Camp Atterbury, IN. While in Indiana, the brigade trained and prepped for their future deployment to Afghanistan. After receiving numerous replacements and volunteer soldiers, the brigade was sent back to JRTC for one more rotation before they left the country.
The majority of the brigade landed in Afghanistan in early March. The brigade headquarters was on Bagram Airfield in RC-East. The brigade was tasked with numerous missions across eastern Afghanistan. The missions included partnering with the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), assisting in the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and securing over 30,000 soldiers on Bagram Airfield while ensuring the base was continuing its daily operations. The brigade left Afghanistan in early December returning to Camp Atterbury, IN. The brigade was released from federal service and returned to the northeast to continue their respective state missions. Several component units of the brigade were awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service from 8 March 2010 – 4 December 2010 while deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.
Captain Phillip Esposito and First Lieutenant Louis Allen were killed on 7 June 2005, at Forward Operating Base Danger in Tikrit, Iraq by a M18A1 Claymore mine placed in the window of Esposito's office. Esposito was commander, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 42ID. Allen had recently arrived in Iraq to serve as Esposito's executive officer, or second in command.
Military investigators determined that the mine was deliberately placed and detonated with the intention of killing Esposito and Allen. Staff Sergeant Alberto B. Martinez from the officers' unit was charged in the killing but was acquitted in a court-martial trial at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on 4 December 2008. The case was one of only two publicly announced alleged fragging incidents among U.S. forces during the Iraq War.
Subsequently, Siobhan Esposito and Barbara Allen, the widows of the officers, continued to pursue justice for their husbands' deaths, pushing for the military to strictly enforce regulations that prohibit threats against superiors and require soldiers to report violations of "good order and discipline."[36]
Homeland security
During the Cold War and through the present, the 42ID and its soldiers have been regularly called upon for homeland security missions including disaster relief (such as Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Floyd), emergency preparedness (such as Y2K missions), airport security, critical infrastructure protection, border security, bridge and tunnel security, as well as rail/train station security.
Several first responders to the 11 September 2001 attacks were members of the 42ID, and led much of the military support to the relief and recovery efforts. The 42ID was part of the relief team for the duration of the effort at Ground Zero in New York City. The 42ID has also been actively engaged in missions supporting Operation Noble Eagle.
In October 2005, elements of the 50th Armored Brigade/42 ID were activated for Operation Hurricane Katrina relief in the city of New Orleans. The 2–102nd Armor and the 1–114th Infantry were called to active duty and the combined unit was dispatched to Louisiana to provide security for FEMA. The 50th Brigade arrived at Belle Chase Naval Air Station and from there went to the New Orleans Convention Center. From there, the elements of the 42nd ID sent teams to various parts of the city on various missions of security ranging from roving patrol to security escort for the New Orleans Fire Department and other relief agencies
Organization
Structure 42nd Infantry Division
The 42nd Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight of the following units:
The soldiers who provide security around the ghost-contaminated apartment building in the 1984 film Ghostbusters wear the uniform of the 42nd Infantry Division.[123] The 42nd Infantry Division was featured in the 2008 monster film Cloverfield.
^James, D. Clayton (1 October 1970). The Years of MacArthur. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 146–148. ISBN978-0-3951-0948-9. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ abcdef42nd Infantry Division. "Origin of the Rainbow Patch". dmna.ny.gov. Latham, NY: New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs. Retrieved 11 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ abDavis, Martin L. (1985). Insignia of the 42nd Rainbow Division. Rainbow Division Veterans Association. pp. 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 19, 25. ASINB00071T6W0.
^Epstein, Catherine. (2011). Wzorcowy nazista: Arthur Greiser i okupacja Kraju Warty. Włodarczyk, Jarosław (tłumacz). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. ISBN978-83-245-9005-6. OCLC802945568.
^ abcdeArmy Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
^"42d Infantry "Rainbow" Division"(PDF). State of New York – Division of Military and Naval Affairs. Annual Report 1990: 29–30. 1990. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^Casey, George W. Jr. (16 December 2009). "General Orders No. 2009–13"(PDF). Army Publishing Directorate. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Army. p. 2. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2021 – via Wayback Machine.
^Goldenberg, Richard (3 May 2009). "New Leadership For 42nd Infantry Division". New York State Military and Naval Affairs News. Latham, NY: Office of Public Affairs, New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs.
^New York Red Book. Albany, NY: New York Legal Publishing Corp. 1997. p. 540. The 42nd Infantry Division with headquarters in Troy, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas D. Kinley.
^New York Red Book. Albany, NY: New York Legal Publishing Corp. 1995. p. 478. The 42nd Infantry Division with headquarters in Troy, commanded by Major General Robert J. Byrne.
^New York Red Book. Albany, NY: New York Legal Publishing Corp. 1993. p. 527. The 42nd Infantry Division with headquarters in Troy, commanded by Major General John W. Cudmore.
^New York Red Book. Albany, NY: New York Legal Publishing Corp. 1991. p. 528.
^ abFlynn, Lawrence P. (1988). Annual Report for 1987(PDF). Latham, NY: New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs. p. 26.
^Health Sciences Library, Columbia University. "Biographical Note, George E. Brewer". George Emerson Brewer scrapbook, 1903, 1913-1923 (bulk 1917-1919). New York, NY: Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
^Bolkcom, Joe; Dvorsky, Robert E.; Fiegen, Thomas L. (2001). "Biography, Senator Robert J. Burns". The Iowa Legislature. Des Moines, IA: Iowa Senate. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
^"Scott Corbett dies, author and educator". Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). John Monaghan. The Providence Journal. March 9, 2006. Archived 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
^Senior Leader Management Office (24 November 2020). "Biography, Francis J. Evon, Jr". National Guard.mil. Arlington, VA: National Guard Bureau. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
^Mitchell, H. W. (1920). "Report of the Committee on War Work". Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association. Philadelphia, PA: American Medico-Psychological Association. p. 353 – via Google Books.
^Director's Booklet(PDF). New York, NY: American Airlines. 5 May 1943. p. 1.
^Little, Bill (26 May 2014). "Biography, Louis Jordan". The History of Longhorn Sports. Austin, TX: Texas Legacy Support Network. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
^Tupper, Ben (17 May 2011). "Close to the Heart". Army.mil. Washington, DC: U.S. Army. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
James J. Cooke, The Rainbow Division in the Great War, 1917–1919, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated 1994 ISBN0-275-94768-8
Thompson, Robert (2023). Approach to Final Victory: America's Rainbow Division in the Saint Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives. Westholme Publishing. ISBN978-1594164095.
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