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80th Air Assault Brigade (Ukraine)

80th Separate Galician Air Assault Brigade
80-та окрема десантно-штурмова Галицька бригада
Sleeve patch of the Brigade
Active1954 – present
Country Ukraine
Branch Ukrainian Air Assault Forces
RoleAir assault forces
Garrison/HQLviv, Lviv oblast
Motto(s)No one but us!
Anniversaries19 December (formation)
Engagements
Decorations
For Courage and Bravery
Websitehttps://www.facebook.com/80brigade
Commanders
Current commanderPavlo Rozlach[2]

The 80th Separate Galician Air Assault Brigade (Ukrainian: 80-та окрема десантно-штурмова Галицька бригада; 80 ОДШБр);[3] Military Unit Number A0284)[4] is an airmobile formation of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces. The brigade traces its history back to the 80th Airborne Regiment of the Soviet Union, formed in 1955 as part of the Soviet airborne's 7th Guards Airborne Division. Four years later, the regiment transferred to the 104th Guards Airborne Division. It participated in Operation Whirlwind in 1956 and Operation Danube in 1968. In 1979, the regiment was disbanded and used to form the 39th and 40th Separate Air Assault Brigades of the Soviet Army. The 39th Separate Air Assault Brigade became the 224th Training Center after transfer back to the Soviet airborne in 1990. The training center was taken over by Ukraine in 1992 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and became the 6th Separate Airmobile Brigade in 1995. In 1999, the brigade was reorganized into the 80th Airmobile Regiment, part of the 13th Army Corps.[5] In 2013, the regiment was upgraded and became a brigade. The brigade fought in the War in Donbass, and was redesignated as an air assault brigade in 2015.

History

80th Airborne Regiment

The 80th Airborne Regiment was formed on 3 May 1955 in the Lithuanian SSR, the only non-Guards Soviet airborne regiment.[6] The regiment celebrates its anniversary on 19 December.[7] It originally formed part of the 7th Guards Airborne Division of the Soviet Airborne Forces at Gaižiūnai. The regiment fought in Operation Whirlwind, the Soviet invasion of Hungary, and landed in Budapest on 4 November 1956. In 1959, it transferred to the 104th Guards Airborne Division and was based in Baku. On 22 February 1968, for its achievements in training, the Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Star.[7][8] Division headquarters was at Kirovabad (now Gyandzha) in the Azerbaijan SSR. Carey Schofield writes that the 104th Guards Airborne Division "had only two regiments from 1975 to 1980 after the disbandment of the 80th Guards [sic] Airborne Regiment in Baku".[9] In August 1968, the regiment participated in Operation Danube, the crushing of the Prague Spring.[10]

39th Separate Air Assault Brigade

On 3 August 1979, the regiment was disbanded. The 39th Separate Air Assault Brigade was formed from elements of the regiment at Khyriv in Lviv Oblast on 19 December.[7][11] The 40th Separate Air Assault Brigade was formed in Mykolaiv from other parts of the regiment.[12] In January 1980, the 1st Battalion of the 39th Separate Air Assault Brigade was deployed to Termez for fighting in the Soviet–Afghan War and became the 48th Separate Air Assault Battalion. The battalion was absorbed by the 66th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade in May.[13] In 1986, the 39th Brigade participated in the Chernobyl cleanup. Between January and April 1990, the 39th Separate Air Assault Brigade was deployed to restore order in during the first Nagorno-Karabakh War.[14][15]

1990s

In June 1990 the 39th Separate Air Assault Brigade became the 224th Training Center of the Soviet Airborne Forces. The brigade included the 1st and 2nd Airborne Training Battalions, as well as an artillery training battalion.[14] In May 1992 the training center became part of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.[7] In September 1993, the 224th Training Center was renamed the 39th Separate Airborne Brigade.[16] It became the 6th Separate Airmobile Brigade on 1 November 1995. The brigade participated in Exercise Peaceshield in 1995 and 1996. In December 1999, the brigade was reorganized into the 80th Airmobile Regiment.[15]

80th Airmobile Regiment

Troops of the 80th Airmobile Regiment parachute from a C-17 during Exercise Peaceshield 2000

In July 2000, the regiment participated in Exercise Peaceshield 2000 with US troops and forces from other countries.[17] In April 2003, the regiment was moved to Lviv.[15] In 2004, the regiment was scheduled to be sent to Iraq as part of the Ukrainian contingent there. An airmobile battalion, mortar batteries, an engineer platoon, a chemical defense platoon, communications company and military police company were drawn from the regiment and deployed to Iraq on 15 May 2005 as the 81st Tactical Group.[18] The troops were part of Multinational Division Central-South and were withdrawn at the end of the year, the last Ukrainian unit in Iraq.[19] In 2006, the regiment contributed troops to the Kosovo Force UkrPolBat joint Ukrainian-Polish peacekeeping battalion.[20]

A mortar barrel rupture during a tactical exercise of the regiment's 1st mortar battery mortally wounded four soldiers on 6 August 2008.[21] On 27 May 2010, the regiment was visited by then-President Viktor Yanukovych.[22]

80th Airmobile Brigade

Donetsk Airport New Terminal ruins, which the 80th Airmobile Brigade's 3rd Battalion defended during January 2015

On 25 November 2013, the regiment became the 80th Airmobile Brigade.[23] In the spring of 2014, after the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the brigade covered the Ukraine–Russia border in Poltava and Sumy Oblasts.[24] Between 7–8 April 2014, the brigade relocated to defend the Luhansk Airport. The brigade defended the airport until September, when a Russian attack forced them to retreat.[25] The brigade fought in the battle for Shchastia in June 2014. During a night battle on 17–18 June, 11 personnel from the brigade and the 128th Mountain Brigade were killed.[26] On 1 August, the brigade ambushed a separatist column moving from Sukhodolska to Luhansk, destroying seven tanks, five armored vehicles, 3 BM-21 Grad MLRS, seven cars with ammunition and killing 120–150 separatists.[27] On 5 September, personnel from the brigade and the Aidar Battalion were ambushed [uk] between Luhansk and Metalist at Vesela Hora. 40 bodies of men from both units were returned by the separatists after negotiations.[28] 28 unidentified bodies were buried at Starobilsk on 2 October.[29] On the night of 13–14 October, the brigade reconnaissance group repulsed attacks by the separatist Don Battalion, which was attempting to penetrate Ukrainian territory at the 32nd Checkpoint [uk].[30] On 28 October, seven brigade personnel were released from captivity by the separatists.[31]

The brigade's 3rd Battalion fought in the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport in January 2015. The unit became known as the "Cyborgs" along with other Ukrainian units defending Donetsk Airport. Along with the 90th Separate Airborne Battalion of the 81st Airmobile Brigade, the unit was forced to retreat from the new airport terminal,[32] reportedly under heavy artillery fire and chemical attack. Over 50 soldiers from both units died in the fighting between 19 and 21 January.[33] After the Ukrainian withdrawal from the airport on 21 January, at least 15 soldiers from the brigade were captured by the separatists. Several of the soldiers were subjected to frequent beatings.[34]

A Humvee of the brigade during the 2016 Kyiv Ukrainian Independence Day Parade

Since at least May 2015, the brigade has been equipped with 28 M1114 Up-Armored Humvees.[35]

80th Air Assault Brigade

Men of the brigade in Kyiv on 24 August 2016
80th Airborne Brigade training on 13 August 2018

On 24 August 2015, President Petro Poroshenko presented the brigade a battle flag for bravery and courage during a review in Kyiv on the 24th anniversary of Ukrainian independence; by this time, it had been redesignated as the 80th Separate Air Assault Brigade.[36] Brigade Junior sergeant and medic Igor Zinych was posthumously awarded the title Hero of Ukraine on 14 October for his actions in caring for the wounded at Donetsk Airport.[37] On 18 November 2015, the brigade's Order of the Red Star award was removed as part of a general removal of Soviet awards and decorations from Ukrainian military units.[38] In June 2016, a platoon of the brigade participated in the multinational Anakonda 16 exercise at Nowa Dęba training ground, attached to a Polish battalion.[39] In August 2016, the brigade's mortar platoon and some of its staff officers participated in the multinational Flaming Thunder exercises Pabradė Training Area in Lithuania.[40] On 23 August, former brigade commander Andriy Kovalchuk was awarded the titile Hero of Ukraine for his leadership.[41]

As of June 2017, elements of the brigade, equipped with Humvees, defended positions at Pisky, near Donetsk Airport.[42] On 2 August, brigade commander Colonel Volodymyr Shvorak stated that the losses of the brigade in the Donbass amounted to 104 killed, seven missing, and 542 wounded, most of which were suffered during the defense of the Luhansk airport in late 2014.[24]

The brigade took part in the defense of Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, fighting around Voznesensk.[43]

By September 2022, elements of the brigade were also identified via social media posts to be taking part in the southern counteroffensive.[44]

Members of the brigade were seen reaching the outskirts of Kupiansk alongside SBU Alpha Group, 92nd Mechanized Brigade, and the 25th Airborne Brigade. That same day, the Kyiv Post announced the liberation of the city, despite the Ukrainian Armed Forces operational silence.[45] The UK Ministry of Defence commented, suggesting that the capture of the city dealt a "significant blow" due to Russian supply nodes routing to the Donbas region.[46]

In February 2023 the brigade took part in the battle of Bakhmut,[47] and was later involved in operations on the Bakhmut front during the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive.[48]

Deployments

Soldiers from the brigade have served in Afghanistan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Kosovo,[20] Sierra Leone, and Iraq.[25]

Structure

As of 2024, the brigade's structure is as follows:

  • 80th Separate Air Assault Brigade, Lviv
    • Brigade’s Headquarters
    • 1st Air Assault Battalion
    • 2nd Air Assault Battalion
    • 3rd Air Assault Battalion
    • Tank Company
    • Artillery Group (Brigade artillery group equipped with 2S1 self-propelled artillery vehicles).[49]
      • Headquarters & Target Acquisition Battery
      • 1st Self-propelled Artillery Battalion
      • 2nd Self-propelled Artillery Battalion
      • Rocket Artillery Group
      • Anti-Tank Group
    • Anti-Aircraft Defense Battalion
    • Reconnaissance Company
    • Aerial Reconnaissance Group "Foxtrot".[50]
      • Strike FPV Unit "Griffin"
    • Engineer Battalion
    • Logistic Company
    • Maintenance Company
    • Signal Company
    • Radar Company
    • Medical Company
    • Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Company

Past commanders

  • Colonel Mykhailo Koval (26 May 1992–1 September 1995)
  • Colonel Mykola Novak (September 1995–October 1998)
  • Colonel Ihor Stelmakh (October 1998–June 2000)
  • Lieutenant Colonel Vasyl Surovniev (June 2000–February 2001)
  • Lieutenant Colonel Mykola Tkachenko (February 2001–September 2004)
  • Colonel Ihor Overin – (September 2004–January 2007)[51]
  • Lieutenant Colonel (later Colonel) Viktor Kopachynskii (2008[52]–March 2015)[53]
  • Colonel Andrii Kovalchuk (2015[36][54]–March 2016)[41]
  • Colonel Volodymyr Shvorak (2016–2022)[55]
  • Colonel Ihor Skybiuk (2022–2023)[49]
  • Colonel Emil Ishkulov (2023–2024)
  • Colonel Pavlo Rozlach (2024–present)[56]

References

  1. ^ SPYER, JONATHAN (6 July 2023). "The Ukrainian Army's 80th Airborne Brigade returns to Bakhmut - exclusive". jpost.com. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  2. ^ https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/10/14/7479625/
  3. ^ "Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the ceremony dedicated to the Day of the Air Assault Forces". www.president.gov.ua. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  4. ^ "Високомобільні десантні війська" [Airmobile Forces] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Military Pages. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  5. ^ "Майже 200 військовослужбовців строкової служби призову «Осінь – 2007» на базі 80-го окремого аеромобільного полку 13 АК, дислокованого у Львові склали Військову присягу на вірність українському народові" [Almost 200 conscripts call "Autumn – 2007" of 80th separate airborne regiment take oath]. mil.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 26 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  6. ^ Feskov et al 2013, p. 249
  7. ^ a b c d "52-річницю від дня заснування відзначив 80-й окремий ордена Червоної Зірки аеромобільний полк 13-го армійського корпусу Сухопутних військ ЗС України, що дислокується у Львові" [52nd Anniversary 80th Airmobile Regiment]. mil.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 19 December 2007. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  8. ^ "ІСТОРІЯ 80 ОКРЕМОГО АЕРОМОБІЛЬНОГО ПОЛКУ" [History of the 80th Separate Airmobile Regiment]. www.usva.org.ua (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Union of Veterans of Afghanistan. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  9. ^ Schofield, Carey (1993). The Russian Elite: Inside Spetsnaz and the Airborne Forces. Greenhill Books. p. 135. ISBN 9781853671555.
  10. ^ Holm, Michael. "80th Guards Parachute Regiment". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  11. ^ "Состав и дислокация Воздушно-десантных войск" [Composition and deployment of the Airborne troops] (in Russian). vad777. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  12. ^ Holm, Michael. "40th independent Landing-Assault Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  13. ^ Holm, Michael. "48th independent Landing-Assault Battalion". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  14. ^ a b Holm, Michael. "39th independent Landing-Assault Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  15. ^ a b c "ІСТОРІЯ 80 ОКРЕМОГО АЕРОМОБІЛЬНОГО ПОЛКУ" [History of the 80th Separate Airmobile Regiment]. www.khust-vlada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  16. ^ "Десантники вкрили себе славою легендарних воїнів" [Paratroopers won the honor of legendary warriors]. Unofficial website of the Ukrainian Airmobile Forces (in Ukrainian). 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  17. ^ Strengthening Transatlantic Security: A U.S. Strategy for the 21st Century (PDF). United States Department of Defense. 2000. p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2016.
  18. ^ "Проводи в Ірак" [Seeing Iraq]. Lviv Gazeta (in Ukrainian). 14 April 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2006.
  19. ^ "ВІЙСЬКОВА СИМВОЛІКА /МИРОТВОРЧІ ПІДРОЗДІЛИ ЗСУ" [Military Symbols / UAF Peacekeeping Units]. uht.org.ua (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Heraldry Society. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  20. ^ a b "З поверненням на Батьківщину останньої групи українських миротворців з Косового завершилася чергова ротація національної складової спільного українсько-польського миротворчого батальйону "УкрПолбат" багатонаціональної тактичної групи "East" сил КФОР" [Ended regular rotation the Ukrainian-Polish peacekeeping battalion "UkrPolBat"]. mil.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 11 August 2006. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  21. ^ "На Яворівському загальновійськовому полігоні внаслідок розриву ствола міномету отримали поранення чотири військовослужбовці" [Four soldiers wounded by mortar barrel rupture in Yavoriv]. mil.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 6 August 2008. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  22. ^ "Президент України Віктор Янукович відвідав 80-й окремий аеромобільний полк" [President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych visited 80th Separate Airmobile Regiment]. www.kmu.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  23. ^ "80th Airmobile Brigade. Heroes of the Luhansk Airport". Ukraine Crisis Media Center. 5 August 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  24. ^ a b Savelyev, Mykola (3 August 2017). "Братство десанту" [Airborne Brotherhood]. Ratusha (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  25. ^ a b "80-та аеромобільна. Невідомий подвиг оборони Луганського аеропорту" [80th airborne. Unknown feat defense Lugansk airport]. tyzhden.ua (in Ukrainian). 6 December 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  26. ^ "У нічному бою на Луганщині загинуло 15 військових, доля ще 13 невідома" [15 military personnel killed in Luhansk Oblast night battle, fate of 13 still unknown]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 18 June 2014. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  27. ^ "Львівські десантники знищили колону терористів, що рухалася до Луганська" [Lviv paratroopers destroyed a terrorist column moving to Luhansk] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  28. ^ "Бойовики повернули батальйону "Айдар" тіла 40 загиблих у засідці" [Militants returned bodies of Aidar Battalion 40 killed in ambush]. espreso.tv (in Ukrainian). 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  29. ^ "Москаль став на коліна перед загиблими силовиками" [Moskal knelt on knees before the dead of the security forces]. Ukrinform (in Ukrainian). 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  30. ^ "На Луганщині за останню добу загинули двоє українських військових, – ОДА" [Yesterday Luhansk Oblast killed 2 Ukrainian military personnel – OSA]. espreso.tv (in Ukrainian). 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  31. ^ "З полону звільнено військових 80 аеромобільної бригади – П.Порошенко" [From captivity freed 80th Airmobile Brigade personnel – P. Poroshenko]. UNN (in Ukrainian). 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  32. ^ Carroll, Oliver (2 March 2015). "Inside the Bloody Battle for Ukraine's Donetsk Airport". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  33. ^ Prokopenko, Maria (19 January 2016). ""Cyborgs." Do we deserve our defenders?". Den. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  34. ^ Tereshchuk, Halyna (19 August 2015). "Ukrainian 'Cyborg': 'They Tried To Break Me, But It Didn't Work'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  35. ^ "Багатоцільовий автомобіль HMMWV: служба в ЗСУ" [HMMWV Multipurpose Vehicle: Service in the Armed Forces] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Military Pages. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  36. ^ a b "24-ту річницю Незалежності Україна відзначила урочистим Маршем – Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України" [24th anniversary of Independence of Ukraine noted in review]. Office of the President of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 24 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  37. ^ "Президент присвоїв звання Герой України медику ДАПу Ігорю Зіничу (посмертно), танкістам Василю Божку та "кіборгу" Євгену Межевікіну" [President awards title Hero of Ukraine to Medic Igor Zinych (posthumously), tanker Vasily Bozhko and "cyborg" Eugene Mezhevikinu]. Office of the President of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  38. ^ "УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №646/2015" [Ukaz President of Ukraine No. 646/2015] (in Ukrainian). President of Ukraine. 21 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  39. ^ "LITPOLUKRBRIG starts a realistic training near Nowa Dęba". Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  40. ^ "Ukraine paratroopers to take part in 2016 Flaming Thunder drills in Lithuania". Ukraine Today. 31 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  41. ^ a b "Ковальчук Андрій Трохимович" [Kovalchuk Andrey Trokhymovych]. ukrgeroes.narod.ru (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  42. ^ Ponomarenko, Ilia (1 June 2017). "Russia's War Against Ukraine: Life in Ruins". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  43. ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "A Ukrainian Town Deals Russia One of the War's Most Decisive Routs". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  44. ^ Manning, Joshua (8 September 2022). "WATCH: Ukraine's 80th Airborne Brigade ambush Russian car in Kherson Region". Euro Weekly News. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  45. ^ "Ukrainian Forces Capture Key Town as Counteroffensive Gathers Pace: Kyiv". MSN. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  46. ^ Cole, Brendan (10 September 2022). "Russia taken by surprise as Ukraine counterattack advances 30 miles: U.K." Newsweek. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  47. ^ "Zelenskyy comments on achievements on the front and reveals plans for further sanctions against Russia". Ukrainska Pravda. 22 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  48. ^ "Завдання – максимальне наближення моменту, коли F-16 допоможуть нам тримати якнайдалі російських терористів – звернення Президента України" (in Ukrainian). President of Ukraine. 25 August 2023.
  49. ^ a b "80 окрема десантно-штурмова бригада ДШВ ЗСУ". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  50. ^ "ОПЕРАТОР РОЗВІДУВАЛЬНИХ Й УДАРНИХ БПЛА". www.lobbyx (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  51. ^ "Яворівський 80-ий аеромобільний полк готовий до ротації в Ірак, де замінить 6-ту окрему механізовану бригаду" [Yavoriv 80th Airmobile Regiment ready for Iraq rotation, will replace 6th Separate Mechanized Brigade]. ZIK (Western Information Corporation) (in Ukrainian). 16 February 2005. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  52. ^ "Військовослужбовці 80-го окремого аеромобільного полку 13-го армійського корпусу Сухопутних військ ЗС України демонструють свої вміння з вогневої, тактичної повітряно-десантної підготовки під час польового виходу" [80th Airmobile Regiment servicement demonstrate skills]. mil.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  53. ^ "До Міноборони та Генштабу переведено вісім бойових комбригів" [To the defense ministry and General Staff promoted eight combat brigade commanders]. news.ru.ua (in Ukrainian). 24 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  54. ^ "80 окрема десантно-штурмова бригада святкує свій день народження" [80th Airmobile Brigade celebrates its birthday] (in Ukrainian). Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  55. ^ "До львівських десантників завітали школярі" [Paratroopers visit Lviv students] (in Ukrainian). Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  56. ^ "Commander of Ukraine's 80th Air Assault Brigade reveals details of his men crossing Russian border before Kursk operation". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  • Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.

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Turkish sweet PişmaniyeAlternative namesTel helva, çekme helva, tel tel, tepme helva, keten helva, ĆetenijaTypeDessertPlace of originTurkeyRegion or stateKocaeli, TurkeyMain ingredientsFlour, butter, pulled sugar  Media: Pişmaniye Pişmaniye (Bosnian: Ćetenija) is a Turkish and Bosnian sweet in fine strands made by blending flour roasted in butter into pulled sugar. It is sometimes garnished with ground pistachio nuts. Although it is sometimes compared to cotton candy, both the ...

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Austrian-American psychologist and philosopher This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Paul Watzlawick – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Paul WatzlawickBorn(1921-07-25)July 25, 1921Villach, AustriaDiedMarch 31, 2007(2007-03-...

 

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