American multinational telecommunications holding company
This article is about the company known as AT&T since 2005. For the original AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) founded in 1885, see AT&T Corporation. For the telephone company founded in 1882, see Southwestern Bell. For other uses, see AT&T (disambiguation).
The modern company to bear the AT&T name began its history as the American District Telegraph Company, formed in St. Louis in 1878.[8] After expanding services to Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas through a series of mergers, it became Southwestern Bell Telephone Company in 1920, which was then a subsidiary of the original American Telephone & Telegraph Company.[9] The latter was a successor of the original Bell Telephone Company founded by Alexander Graham Bell in 1877.[10][11] The American Bell Telephone Company formed the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) subsidiary in 1885.[12] In 1899, AT&T became the parent company after the American Bell Telephone Company sold its assets to its subsidiary.[13] During most of the 20th century, AT&T had a monopoly on phone service in the United States. The company was formally rebranded as AT&T Corporation in 1994.[14]
The 1982 United States v. AT&Tantitrust lawsuit resulted in the divestiture of AT&T's ("Ma Bell") local operating subsidiaries[15] which were grouped into seven[16]Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), commonly referred to as "Baby Bells", resulting in seven independent companies,[16] including Southwestern Bell Corporation (SBC).[17] The latter changed its name to SBC Communications Inc. in 1995.[18]
In 2005, SBC purchased its former parent AT&T Corp. and took on the latter's branding, history, and stock trading symbol, as well as a version of its iconic logo. The merged entity, naming itself AT&T Inc., launched on December 30, 2005.[19] The newly merged and renamed AT&T Inc. acquired BellSouth Corporation in 2006, the last independent Baby Bell, making the two companies' joint venture Cingular Wireless (which had itself acquired AT&T Wireless in 2004) a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T Inc. Cingular was then rebranded as AT&T Mobility.
AT&T Inc. also acquired Time Warner in 2016,[20][21] with the proposed merger confirmed on June 12, 2018[22] and the aim of making AT&T Inc. the largest and controlling shareholder of Time Warner, which it then rebranded as WarnerMedia in 2018. The company later withdrew its equity stake in WarnerMedia in 2022 and merged it with Discovery, Inc. to create Warner Bros. Discovery, divesting itself of its media arm.
AT&T was founded as Bell Telephone Company by Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Watson and Gardiner Greene Hubbard after Bell's patenting of the telephone in 1875.[24] By 1881, Bell Telephone Company had become the American Bell Telephone Company.[25] One of its subsidiaries was the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), established in 1885.[26] On December 30, 1899, AT&T acquired the assets of its parent American Bell Telephone, becoming the new parent company.[27]AT&T established a network of local telephone subsidiaries in the United States. AT&T and its subsidiaries held a phone service monopoly, authorized in 1913 by government authorities with the Kingsbury Commitment, throughout most of the twentieth century.[28] This monopoly was known as the Bell System,[29] and during this period, AT&T was also known by the nickname Ma Bell.[30]
In 1982, U.S. regulators broke up the AT&T monopoly, requiring AT&T to divest its local subsidiaries, which it did by grouping them into seven individual companies.[31] These new companies were known as Regional Bell Operating Companies, or more informally, Baby Bells.[32] AT&T continued to operate long-distance services but faced increasing competition from competitors such as MCI and Sprint.[33]
Southwestern Bell Corporation (SBC) was one of the companies created by the breakup of AT&T Corp.[34] The company soon started a series of acquisitions, including the 1987 acquisition of Metromedia mobile business and the acquisition of several cable companies in the early 1990s.[citation needed] In the latter half of the 1990s, the company acquired several other telecommunications companies, including two Baby Bells (Pacific Telesis Group and Ameritech Corporation),[35] while selling its cable business. During this time, the company changed its name to SBC Communications Inc.[36] In early 1997 C. Michael Armstrong was named CEO, and Armstrong appointed John Zeglis as president later in that same year. By 1998, the company was in the top 15 of the Fortune 500, and by 1999, when Zeglis assumed the positions of chairman and CEO of AT&T Wireless, AT&T was part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (lasting through 2015).[37][38] Zeglis ended his service as president of AT&T in 2001 and resigned from his positions in AT&T Wireless in 2004.
Purchase of former parent and acquisitions (2005–2013)
On November 18, 2005, SBC Communications purchased its former parent, AT&T Corporation for $16 billion.[39] After this purchase, SBC adopted the better-known AT&T name and brand, with the original AT&T Corporation still existing as the long-distance landline subsidiary of the merged company.[40] The current AT&T Inc. claims the original AT&T Corporation's history (dating to 1877) as its own,[41] but retains SBC's pre-2005 corporate structure and stock price history. As well, all SEC filings before 2005 are under SBC, not AT&T.
AT&T made an attempt in 2011 to purchase T-Mobile for a $39 billion stock and cash offer.[42] The bid was withdrawn after the takeover company was faced with significant regulatory and legal hurdles, along with heavy resistance from the U.S. government. As per the original acquisition agreement, T-Mobile received $3 billion in cash as well as access to $1 billion worth of AT&T-held wireless spectrum.[43][44]
In September 2013, AT&T announced it would expand into Latin America through a collaboration with América Móvil.[45] In December 2013, AT&T announced plans to sell its Connecticut wireline operations to Stamford-based Frontier Communications.[46]
AT&T acquired BellSouth Corporation on December 29, 2006, following FCC approval.[47] The transaction consolidated ownership and management of Cingular Wireless.[48] AT&T rebranded its wireless retail stores from Cingular to AT&T in January 2007.[49]
In late 2014, AT&T purchased Mexican cellular carrier Iusacell,[50] and two months later, it purchased the Mexican wireless business of NII Holdings.[51] AT&T merged the two companies to create AT&T Mexico.[52]
On October 22, 2016, AT&T announced a deal to buy Time Warner for $108.7 billion in an effort to increase its media holdings.[59][60][61][62][63][64] On November 20, 2017, Assistant Attorney General Makan Delrahim filed a lawsuit for the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division to block the merger with Time Warner, saying it "will harm competition, result in higher bills for consumers and less innovation."[65][66] On June 12, 2018, U.S. District Court Judge Richard J. Leon ruled that the merger could go forward.[67] The merger closed two days afterwards, with Time Warner becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T. A day later, the company was renamed WarnerMedia.[68][69]
Three months after completing the acquisition, AT&T reorganized into four main units: Communications, including consumer and business wireline telephony, AT&T Mobility, and consumer entertainment video services; WarnerMedia, including Turner cable television networks, Warner Bros. film and television production, and HBO; AT&T Latin America, consisting of wireless service in Mexico and video in Latin America and the Caribbean under the Vrio brand; and Advertising and Analytics, since renamed Xandr.[70][71]
On July 13, 2017, it was reported that AT&T would introduce a cloud-basedDVR streaming service. It hoped to create a unified platform across DirecTV and its DirecTV Now streaming service, with U-verse to be added shortly afterward.[72][73][74] The service, named HBO Max, launched in May 2020.[75]
On September 12, 2017, it was reported that AT&T planned to launch a new cable TV-like service for delivery over-the-top over its own or a competitor's broadband network sometime the following year.[76]
On March 7, 2018, the company prepared to sell a minority stake of DirecTV Latin America through an IPO, creating a new holding company for those assets named Vrio Corp.[77][78] On April 18, just a day before the public debut of Vrio, AT&T canceled the IPO due to market conditions.[79][80]
As of 2019,[update] AT&T is the world's largest telecommunications company.[81] AT&T is also the largest provider of mobile telephone[82][83] services and the largest provider of fixed telephone (landline) services in the United States.[84]
In September 2019, activist investorElliott Management revealed that it had purchased $3.2 billion of AT&T stock (a 1.2% equity interest), and had pushed for the company to divest assets to improve its share value.[85]
On March 4, 2020, AT&T announced its intent to perform major cost-cutting moves, including cuts to capital investment, and plans to promote AT&T TV (which officially launched nationally on March 2) as its primary pay television service offering. AT&T stated it would still primarily promote DirecTV "where cable broadband is not prevalent", and as a specialty option.[86]
On April 24, 2020, AT&T announced that effective July 1, 2020, company COO John Stankey would replace Randall L. Stephenson as CEO of AT&T.[87] It was also acknowledged that AT&T's acquisitions of DirecTV and Time Warner had by this point resulted in a massive debt burden of $200 billion for the company.[87]
Crunchyroll was sold to Sony's Funimation for US$1.175 billion in December 2020, with the acquisition closing in August 2021.[89][90]
On February 25, 2021, AT&T announced that it would spin-off DirecTV, U-Verse TV, and DirecTV Stream into a separate entity, selling a 30% stake to TPG Capital (owners of Astound Broadband cable), while retaining a 70% stake in the new standalone company. The deal was closed on August 2, 2021.[91][92]
On May 17, 2021, AT&T announced plans to relinquish its equity interest in WarnerMedia, and have it merge with Discovery, Inc. in a US$43 billion deal to establish a new media company.[93]
Electronic Arts, which was a bidder in the proposed sale of Warner Bros Interactive Entertainment, purchased the mobile gaming studio Playdemic from WBIE for US$1.4 billion in June 2021.[94]
In September 2021, Fox Corporation acquired TMZ from WarnerMedia in a deal worth about $50 million with TMZ being operated under the Fox Entertainment division.[95]
On December 21, 2021, AT&T announced that they had agreed to sell Xandr (and AppNexus) to Microsoft for an undisclosed price.[96] The deal was completed in June 2022.[97]
On April 8, 2022, the spinoff of WarnerMedia and its subsequent merger with Discovery, Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery was completed.[98] As a result of this merger, HBO Max and other video services were dropped from AT&T's unlimited plan offering.[99]
AT&T was one of several clients of Snowflake Inc. that had data stolen in a 2024 breach.[100] Phone and text logs from May 1, 2022 to October 31, 2022 of "nearly all" AT&T customers were exposed as part of the breach.[101] AT&T was also reported to have been affected by a 2024 attack from the Salt Typhoonadvanced persistent threat linked to the Chinese government.[102]
Landline operating companies
Of the eight companies that were part of the Breakup of the Bell System, these five are a part of the current AT&T:[103]
Of the Baby Bells, Ameritech sold some of its Wisconsin landlines to CenturyTel, in 1998; BellSouth sold some of its lines to MebTel, during the 2000s; US West sold many historically Bell landlines to Lynch Communications and Pacific Telecom, in the 1990s; Verizon sold many of its New England lines to FairPoint in 2008, and its West Virginia operations to Frontier Communications in 2010.
On October 25, 2014, Frontier Communications took over control of the AT&T landline network in Connecticut after being approved by state utility regulators. The deal was worth about $2 billion, and included Frontier inheriting about 2,500 of AT&T's employees and many of AT&T's buildings.[107]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2016)
The company is headquartered at Whitacre Tower in downtown Dallas, Texas.[5] On June 27, 2008, AT&T announced that it would move its corporate headquarters from downtown San Antonio to One AT&T Plaza in downtown Dallas.[5][108] The company said that it moved to gain better access to its customers and operations throughout the world, and to the key technology partners, suppliers, innovation and human resources needed as it continues to grow, domestically and internationally.[109] AT&T Inc. previously relocated its corporate headquarters to San Antonio from St. Louis, Missouri, in 1992, when it was then named Southwestern Bell Corporation. The company's Telecom Operations group, which serves residential and regional business customers in 22 U.S. states, remains in San Antonio.[110][111] Atlanta, Georgia, continues to be the headquarters for AT&T Mobility, with significant offices in Redmond, Washington, the former home of AT&T Wireless. Bedminster, New Jersey, is the headquarters for the company's Global Business Services group and AT&T Labs and is where the original AT&T Corp. remains located. St. Louis continues as home to the company's Directory operations, AT&T Advertising Solutions.[112]
AT&T also offers services in many locations throughout the Asia Pacific; its regional headquarters is located in Hong Kong.[113] The company is also active in Mexico, and on November 7, 2014, it was announced that Mexican carrier Iusacell would be acquired by AT&T.[50] The acquisition was approved in January 2015.[114][115] On April 30, 2015, AT&T acquired wireless operations Nextel Mexico from NII Holdings (now AT&T Mexico).[116]
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2018)
According to OpenSecrets, AT&T was the fourteenth-largest donor to United States federal political campaigns and committees from 1989 to 2019,[119] having contributed more than US$84.1 million, 42% of which went to Republicans and 58% of which went to Democrats. In 2005, AT&T was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of President George W. Bush.[120][121][122] Bill Leahy, representing AT&T, sits on the Private Enterprise Board of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).[123] ALEC is a nonprofit organization of conservativestate legislators and private sector representatives that drafts and shares model state-level legislation for distribution among state governments in the United States.[124][125][126]
During the period of 1998 to 2019, the company expended US$380.1 million on lobbying in the United States.[127] A key political issue for AT&T has been the question of which businesses win the right to profit by providing broadband internet access in the United States.[128] The company has also lobbied in support of several federal bills. AT&T supported the Federal Communications Commission Process Reform Act of 2013 (H.R. 3675; 113th Congress), a bill that would make a number of changes to procedures that the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) follows in its rulemaking processes.[129] The FCC would have to act in a more transparent way as a result of this bill, forced to accept public input about regulations.[130] AT&T's Executive Vice President of Federal Relations, Tim McKone, said that the bill's "much needed institutional reforms will help arm the agency with the tools to keep pace with the Internet speed of today's marketplace. It will also ensure that outmoded regulatory practices for today's competitive marketplace are properly placed in the dustbin of history."[131]
In May 2018, reports emerged that AT&T made 12 monthly payments between January and December 2017 to Essential Consultants, a company set up by President Donald Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen, totaling $600,000.[132] Although initial reports on May 8 mentioned only four monthly payments totaling $200,000,[133] documents obtained by the Washington Post on May 10 confirmed the figure of 12 payments, which had begun three days after the President was sworn into office.[134][135] AT&T confirmed the report the same day.[136] The report from The Washington Post, as well as additional reporting from Bloomberg, revealed the payments had been made for Cohen to "provide guidance" relating to the attempted $85 billion merger with Time Warner,[134][135] to gain information on the Trump administration's planned tax reforms, as well as about potential changes to net neutrality policies under the new FCC.[137] Chairman of the FCC Ajit Pai denied Cohen ever inquired about net neutrality on AT&T's behalf.[136][138] A spokesperson for AT&T said that the company had been contacted by the Special Counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller regarding the payments, and had provided all the information requested in November and December 2017.[139][140]
In early 2019, the Democratic House Judiciary requested records related to the AT&T-Time Warner merger from the White House.[141]
While it has expressed support for LGBTQ causes, AT&T has also donated to sponsors of anti-transgender legislation in several US states, especially those predominantly Republican-governed, including Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Texas and Florida.[142][143][144]
Historical financial performance
The financial performance of the company is reported to shareholders on an annual basis and a matter of public record. Where performance has been restated, the most recent statement of performance from an annual report is used.[145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155]
Performance measurements, by year
Measurement
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Revenues (billion USD)
45.38
43.14
40.50
40.79
43.86
63.06
118.9
124.0
122.5
124.8
126.7
127.4
128.8
132.4
146.8
163.8
160.5
170.8
181.2
Net Income (billion USD)
7.008
5.653
8.505
5.887
4.786
7.356
11.95
12.87
12.14
19.86
3.944
7.264
18.25
6.224
13.69
13.33
29.85
19.37
13.90
Assets (billion USD)
96.42
95.17
102.0
110.3
145.6
270.6
275.6
265.2
268.3
268.5
270.3
272.3
277.8
292.8
402.7
403.8
444.1
531.9
551.7
Number of employees (thousands)
193.4
175.0
168.0
162.7
190.0
304.2
309.1
302.7
282.7
266.6
256.4
241.8
243.4
243.6
281.5
268.5
254.0
268.2
247.8
Carbon footprint
AT&T reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 5,788 Kt (-737 /-11.3% y-o-y)[156] and plans to reduce emissions by 63% by 2030 from a 2015 base year.[157] This science-based target is aligned with Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.[158]
AT&T's annual Total CO2e Emissions - Market-Based Scope 1 + Scope 2 (in kilotonnes)
In September 2007, AT&T changed its legal policy to state that "AT&T may immediately terminate or suspend all or a portion of your Service, any Member ID, electronic mail address, IP address, Universal Resource Locator or domain name used by you, without notice for conduct that AT&T believes ... (c) tends to damage the name or reputation of AT&T, or its parents, affiliates and subsidiaries."[163] By October 10, 2007, AT&T had altered the terms and conditions for its Internet service to explicitly support freedom of expression by its subscribers, after an outcry claiming the company had given itself the right to censor its subscribers' transmissions.[164]
In July 2006, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California – in which the suit was filed – rejected a federal government motion to dismiss the case. The motion to dismiss, which invoked the State Secrets Privilege, had argued that any court review of the alleged partnership between the federal government and AT&T would harm national security. The case was immediately appealed to the Ninth Circuit. It was dismissed on June 3, 2009, citing retroactive legislation in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.[169][170]
In May 2006, USA Today reported that all international and domestic calling records had been handed over to the National Security Agency by AT&T, Verizon, SBC, and BellSouth for the purpose of creating a massive calling database.[171] The portions of the new AT&T that had been part of SBC Communications before November 18, 2005, were not mentioned.
On June 21, 2006, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that AT&T had rewritten rules on its privacy policy. The policy, which took effect June 23, 2006, says that "AT&T – not customers – owns customers' confidential info and can use it 'to protect its legitimate business interests, safeguard others, or respond to legal process.'"[172]
On August 22, 2007, National Intelligence Director Mike McConnell confirmed that AT&T was one of the telecommunications companies that assisted with the government's warrantless wire-tapping program on calls between foreign and domestic sources.[173]
On November 8, 2007, Mark Klein, a former AT&T technician, told Keith Olbermann of MSNBC that all Internet traffic passing over AT&T lines was copied into a locked room at the company's San Francisco office – to which only employees with National Security Agency clearance had access.[174]
AT&T keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages whom and the date and time, but not the content of the messages.[175]
AT&T has a one star privacy rating from the Electronic Frontier Foundation.[176]
Copyright enforcement
In January 2008, reports emerged that the company planned to begin filtering all Internet traffic which passed through its network for intellectual property violations.[177] Media commentators speculated that if this plan was implemented, it would have led to a mass exodus of subscribers from AT&T,[178] although Internet traffic of non-subscribers may have gone through the company's network anyway.[177] Internet freedom proponents used these developments as justification for government-mandated network neutrality.
Under AT&T's current copyright enforcement program, content owners may notify AT&T when they allege unlawful sharing of material. The program is based on IP addresses visible to content owners in peer-to-peer networks, not on filtering. AT&T has terminated the broadband service of some customers accused of copyright infringement.[179]
Discrimination against local public-access television channels
According to Barbara Popovic, executive director of the Chicago public-access service CAN-TV, the new AT&T U-verse system forced all Public-access television into a special menu system, denying normal functionality such as channel numbers, access to the standard program guide, and DVR recording.[180] The Ratepayer Advocates division of the California Public Utilities Commission reported: "Instead of putting the stations on individual channels, AT&T has bundled community stations into a generic channel that can only be navigated through a complex and lengthy process."[180]
Sue Buske (president of telecommunications consulting firm the Buske Group and a former head of the National Federation of Local Cable Programmers/Alliance for Community Media) argue that this is "an overall attack [...] on public access across the [United States], the place in the dial around cities and communities where people can make their own media in their own communities".[180]
Information security
In June 2010, a hacker group known as Goatse Security discovered a vulnerability within AT&T that could allow anyone to uncover email addresses belonging to customers of AT&T 3G service for the AppleiPad.[181] These email addresses could be accessed without a protective password.[182] Using a script, Goatse Security collected thousands of email addresses from AT&T.[181] Goatse Security informed AT&T about the security flaw through a third party.[183] Goatse Security then disclosed around 114,000 of these emails to Gawker Media, which published an article about the security flaw and disclosure in Valleywag.[181][183] Praetorian Security Group criticized the web application that Goatse Security exploited as "poorly designed".[181]
In April 2015, AT&T was fined $25 million over data security breaches, marking the largest ever fine issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for breaking data privacy laws. The investigation revealed the theft of details of approximately 280,000 people from call centers in Mexico, Colombia and the Philippines.[184][185]
In March 2024, AT&T confirmed the 2021 leak of contact information for over 7.6 million current users, as well as 65 million former ones. The leaked records may contain "full name, email address, mailing address, phone number, social security number, date of birth, AT&T account number and passcode".[186] Multiple class-action lawsuits have been filed as a result of this.[187][188]
In July 2024, the company stated it experienced a new breach, the largest to date. The company is expected to notify around 110 million customers who were affected.[189]
Accusations of enabling fraud
In March 2012, the United States federal government announced a lawsuit against AT&T. The specific accusations state that AT&T "violated the False Claims Act by facilitating and seeking federal payment for IP Relay calls by international callers who were ineligible for the service and sought to use it for fraudulent purposes. The complaint alleges that, out of fears that fraudulent call volume would drop after the registration deadline, AT&T knowingly adopted a non-compliant registration system that did not verify whether the user was located within the United States. The complaint further contends that AT&T continued to employ this system even with the knowledge that it facilitated the use of IP Relay by fraudulent foreign callers, which accounted for up to 95 percent of AT&T's call volume. The government's complaint alleges that AT&T improperly billed the TRS Fund for reimbursement of these calls and received millions of dollars in federal payments as a result."[190] In 2013, AT&T entered into a consent decree with the FCC and paid a total of $21.75 million.[191]
Aaron Slator controversy
On April 28, 2015, AT&T announced that it had fired Aaron Slator, President of Content and Advertising Sales, for sending text messages critics described as racist.[192] African-American employee Knoyme King filed a $100 million defamation lawsuit against Slator.[193] The day before that, protesters arrived at AT&T's headquarters in Dallas and its satellite offices in Los Angeles as well as at the home of CEO Randall Stephenson to protest alleged systemic racial policies. According to accounts, the protesters demanded that AT&T begin working with 100% black-owned media companies.[194]
On January 24, 2017, Slator sued AT&T in the Los Angeles Superior Court, accusing the company of defamation and wrongful termination. Slator had been involved in organizing AT&T's planned $48.5 billion acquisition of DirecTV since 2014, and he claimed that when news headlines speculated that his text messages could prevent the acquisition from going through, he was fired as a "scapegoat" by company executives. He also claimed that the executives had known about the text messages since at least late 2013, and had promised him at the time that he would not be fired for them.[195][196] The company stood by its decision to terminate Slator.[197]
Overcharging government agencies
In 2020 AT&T paid out $48 million to settle a lawsuit with 30 government entities. The suit (under the California False Claims Act) related to contractual undertakings to provide services at "the lowest cost available". AT&T denied any wrongdoing in the matter.[198]
One America News Network
An investigative report by Reuters in 2021 revealed that AT&T played a key role in creating, funding and sustaining One America News Network (OAN), a far-right TV network known for promoting conspiracy theories.[199] According to 2020 sworn testimony by an OAN accountant, 90% of OAN's revenue came from AT&T. According to OAN founder Robert Herring Sr., AT&T wanted to create a conservative network to compete with Fox News. Court documents showed OAN promised to "cast a positive light" on AT&T during newscasts. AT&T denied the allegations.[200][201] Comedian John Oliver criticized AT&T in his weekly show for funding OAN.[202]
Leaking data to Wall Street
In March 2021 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed suit against AT&T and three of its executives for violating the Fair Disclosure Rule against making selective disclosures of "material nonpublic information" to analysts and others. The SEC alleged that beginning in early 2016 these executives leaked key information to Wall Street analysts in order to manipulate revenue forecasts for the company.[203]
In December 2022, without acknowledging any guilt, AT&T agreed to pay $6.25 million in fines to settle the lawsuit. The individual executives were also on the hook for $25,000 each.[203][204]
Bribery to influence legislation
In October 2022, AT&T agreed to pay a $23 million fine to resolve a federal criminal investigation into the company's efforts to unlawfully influence former Illinois Speaker of the House Michael J. Madigan.[205] Under a deferred prosecution with the US Department of Justice, AT&T admitted that it arranged for payments to an ally of Madigan in order to influence Madigan's vote in 2017 on legislation that would eliminate AT&T's so-called "Carrier of Last Resort" obligation to provide landline telephone service to all Illinois residents, which was expected to save the company millions of dollars.[205] Madigan also helped to defeat an amendment to a bill that became law in 2018 regarding fees for small cell tower attachments that would have been harmful to AT&T's interests.[206] Former AT&T Illinois President Paul La Schiazza, who is set to go on trial in September 2024 for the alleged bribery scheme, described AT&T's quid pro quo relationship with Madigan in an email to an AT&T employee as "the friends and family plan."[206]
2024 outage
On February 22, 2024, cellular service was disrupted across the United States with "millions" unable to connect to the cellular network.[207] Municipalities reported that AT&T customers were unable to place calls to emergency services, even when using their phone's SOS capability.[208] The blackout prompted the FBI and Department of Homeland Security to launch investigations into the possibility of a cyber attack being the cause of the blackout.[209] AT&T later claimed that the cause was instead a poorly timed server update.[210] Users were later compensated credit as a result of the outage.[211] In March, the FCC opened an investigation into the outage.[207]
2024 Data Breach Fine
On September 18, 2024, AT&T was fined $13 million by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) following a major data breach that exposed millions of customers' personal information. The FTC found that AT&T failed to implement adequate cybersecurity measures and did not promptly notify affected individuals. As part of the settlement, AT&T is required to enhance its data protection practices and provide identity theft protection to those impacted.[212]
^Hast, Adele (1992). International Directory of Company Histories. Detroit: St. James Press. p. 328. ISBN1-55862-061-3. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company has about 20 predecessor companies. The four largest of these were American District Telegraph Company, formed in St. Louis, Missouri 1878; the Kansas City Telephone Exchange, formed in Kansas City, Missouri in 1879, Southwestern Telegraph & Telephone Company, which began serving Texas and Arkansas in 1881; and Pioneer Telephone & Telegraph Company, which provided telephone service beginning in 1904 in Oklahoma – not then a state, but known as Indian Territory – and in parts of Kansas.
^Hast, Adele (1992). International Directory of Company Histories. Detroit: St. James Press. p. 328. ISBN1-55862-061-3. In 1917, the four companies began moving toward a more formal merge, with the Missouri & Kansas Telephone Company – the new name of the Kansas City Telephone Exchange – acquiring Bell Telephone Company of Missouri, successor to American District Telegraph. The resulting company was named Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (Missouri). In 1920 this company bought Southwestern Telephone & Telegraph and Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (Oklahoma), the successor to Pioneer Telephone & Telegraph, establishing the new Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, which was a subsidiary of AT&T.
^Danielian, N.R. (1939). A.T.&T. The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 9. ISBN9780405060380. After the success of Bell's experiments, which resulted in the basic Bell patents of 1876 and 1877, a new company was organized for the purpose of commercial exploitation. The Bell Telephone Company, a Massachusetts voluntary association, was formed on July 9, 1877, with Gardiner G. Hubbard as trustee.
^Danielian, N.R. (1939). A.T.&T. The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 12. ISBN9780405060380. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was, therefore, incorporated in New York in 1885, as a subsidiary of American Bell Telephone Company, to operate long-distance telephone lines...In 1899, American Bell sold all of its assets to its subsidiary, AT&T...As a result of this transaction, AT&T emerged as the parent company in the Bell System, assuming the holding-company functions previously exercised by American Bell Telephone Company.
^Danielian, N.R. (1939). A.T.&T. The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York: Vanguard Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN9780405060380. With increasing demands for telephones, the financial needs of the Bell System were expanding. To meet these needs, a new corporation, the American Bell Telephone Company, was created by a special act of the Massachusetts legislature... The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was, therefore, incorporated in New York in 1885, as a subsidiary of American Bell Telephone Company, to operate long-distance telephone lines, and Vail became its first president.
^Danielian, N.R. (1939). A.T.&T. The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 12. ISBN9780405060380. In 1899, American Bell sold all of its assets (except A.T.&T. stock) to its subsidiary, A.T.&T. It then offered to its stockholders two shares of the A.T.&T. stock which hit held, in exchange for one share of American Bell stock. As a result of this transaction, A.T.&T. emerged as the parent company in the Bell System, assuming the holding-company functions previously exercised by American Bell Telephone Company.
^"DIGEST". The Washington Post. March 2, 1994. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021. AT&T is asking shareholders to change its official name from American Telephone & Telegraph Co. to AT&T Corp. at the annual meeting April 20 in Atlanta.
^"THE CHALLENGE OF DIVESTITURE". The New York Times. October 25, 1983. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2021. Under the antitrust settlement A.T.& T. signed with the Justice Department in January 1982, the divested organizations not only will be local telephone carriers, but, with certain restrictions, they will have the right to enter other businesses as well.
^ ab"THE CHALLENGE OF DIVESTITURE". The New York Times. October 25, 1983. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2021. The 7 Holding Companies. The seven regional holding companies that will result from the breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company are sketched here, with a brief outline of their potential strengths and weaknesses.
^"THE CHALLENGE OF DIVESTITURE". The New York Times. October 25, 1983. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2021. Southwestern Bell, stretching from Arkansas through Texas into Missouri, will have only one existing local operating company, Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, under it, saving it any pains of integration.
^"SBC wraps up acquisition of AT&T". Chicago Tribune. November 19, 2005. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021. SBC will unveil a new AT&T logo Monday as it outlines plans for changing the name of the merged company...The combined company will adopt AT&T's stock symbol, T, on the New York Stock Exchange beginning Dec. 1.
^"How AT&T got busted up and pieced back together". CNN Money. May 20, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2021. The whirlwind began in 1997, when Southwestern Bell Corp. (SBC) merged with fellow Baby Bell Pacific Telesis. Two years later, SBC bought Ameritech, another Baby Bell. Then, the craziness really started when SBC bought Ma Bell -- its former parent company -- in 2005. The combined company renamed itself AT&T. A year later, the new AT&T bought BellSouth, yet another Baby Bell. The new AT&T also bought Cingular Wireless in 2006 -- a company jointly run by Baby Bells SBC and BellSouth that had bought the old AT&T Wireless in 2004. Cingular then changed its name to AT&T Mobility. Got all that? The merger history of these five Baby Bells is dizzying and better explained visually.
^Brooks, John (1976). Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper & Row. p. 73. ISBN0-06-010540-2. Early in 1881, the American Bell Telephone Company – as it came to be called beginning in March 1880 – issued its first annual report to stockholders.
^"AT&T's History of Invention and Breakups". The New York Times. February 13, 2016. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. 1885 - The American Telephone and Telegraph Company is created as a subsidiary of Bell Telephone to build and operate a long-distance telephone network.
^Brooks, John (1975). TELEPHONE The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper & Row. p. 107. ISBN0-06-010540-2. Accordingly, the American Bell management bad farewell to Boston and gradually moved its offices to downtown Manhattan, and on December 30, 1899 – the next-to-last day of the old century – AT&T, with a new capitalization of over seventy million dollars, became the parent company of the Bell System, which, of course, it has remained ever since.
^Griffin, Jodie (December 19, 2013). "100th Anniversary of the Kingsbury Commitment". Public Knowledge. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. In 1913, the U.S. filed an antitrust lawsuit against AT&T to break up its growing monopoly in the phone service market. While Congress contemplated nationalizing the long distance telephone network, AT&T settled the antitrust lawsuit with the Kingsbury Commitment. In the Kingsbury Commitment, AT&T agreed to allow independent local telephone companies to interconnect with AT&T's long distance network, divest Western Union, and refrain from purchasing other companies if the Interstate Commerce Commission objected.
^Pollack, Andrew (August 4, 1983). "A.T.& T., U.S. AGREE ON FINAL ASPECTS OF BELL BREAKUP". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. The local companies, grouped into seven regional holding companies, will provide local telephone service and can sell, but not manufacture, telephone equipment.
^"TELEPHONE INDUSTRY". Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. After Congress de-regulated the telecommunications industry in February 1996, allowing regional companies to compete with long distance carriers, among other rule changes, SBC began to expand. In 1996 it merged with Pacific Telesis Group, and in 1998 the company bought the Ameritech Corporation.
^Gaffen, David (March 6, 2015). "At long last, Dow gets a taste for Apple". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. Apple Inc AAPL.O, the largest U.S. company by market value, will join the Dow Jones industrial average .DJI, replacing AT&T Inc T.N, in a change that reflects the dominant position of the iPhone maker in the U.S. consumer economy.
^Van, Jon (November 19, 2005). "SBC wraps up acquisition of AT&T". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. SBC Communications Inc. completed its acquisition of AT&T Corp. on Friday after California regulators approved the $16 billion deal.
^Belson, Ken (January 31, 2005). "SBC Agrees to Acquire AT&T for $16 Billion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2021. SBC Communications last night was close to concluding a $16 billion deal for its former parent, AT&T, that would lead to the virtual disappearance of one of America's best known corporate icons and set off what promises to be a new round of competition between the Baby Bells, executives close to the negotiations said.
^Danielian, N. R. (1939). AT&T The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York: The Vanguard Press. p. 9. ISBN0405060386. The Bell Telephone Company, a Massachusetts voluntary association, was formed on July 9, 1877, with Gardiner G. Hubbard as trustee.
^Bajaj, Vikas (December 30, 2006). "BellSouth and AT&T Close Deal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. Federal regulators approved AT&T's $85.8 billion acquisition of BellSouth yesterday, allowing the companies to close their delayed deal.
^Vorman, Julie (January 21, 2007). "AT&T closes $86 billion BellSouth deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. Now four of the seven companies that were spun off from the original AT&T in 1984 are back under one roof, and it includes 66.1 million telephone lines, 58.7 million Cingular Wireless customers and 11.6 million high-speed Internet customers.
^Searcey, Dionne (January 12, 2007). "Bye, Cingular, in AT&T Rebranding". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. But in the long term, Mr. Lerman said, AT&T will benefit from the efficiency of having its well-known name appear on all its services. AT&T executives wouldn't say how much the rebranding will cost as they change signs in roughly 2,000 stores as well as employee uniforms and billing letterhead. But executives estimate 20% of the expected operating-expense savings from the merger will come from advertising, because of the single AT&T brand.
^Leichtman Research Group, "Research Notes,"Archived October 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine First Quarter 2012, pg. 6, AT&T (#1) with 21,232,000 residential phone lines.
^AT&T Inc. (March 14, 2003). Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT - 2002 (Report). p. 155. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2021. 2002 Operating Revenues - $43,138 (dollars in millions
^AT&T Inc. (March 14, 2003). Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT - 2006 (Report). p. 312. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2021. 2005 Net Income - $4,786 (dollars in millions
^AT&T Inc. (February 24, 2012). Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT - 2011 (Report). p. 267. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2021. 2009 Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AT&T - $12,138 (dollars in millions
^AT&T Inc. (February 24, 2012). Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT - 2011 (Report). p. 267. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2021. 2010 Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AT&T - $19,864 (dollars in millions
^"Hepting v. AT&T". Electronic Frontier Foundation. July 2011. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2021. In June of 2009, a federal judge dismissed Hepting and dozens of other lawsuits against telecoms. EFF appealed that decision but it was affirmed, and in October, 2012, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case.
^Svensson, Peter (September 29, 2011). "Document Shows How Phone Cos. Treat Private Data". Phys.org. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019. T-Mobile USA doesn't keep any information on Web browsing activity. Verizon, on the other hand, keeps some information for up to a year that can be used to ascertain if a particular phone visited a particular Web site. According to the sheet, Sprint Nextel Corp.'s Virgin Mobile brand keeps the text content of text messages for three months. Verizon keeps it for three to five days. None of the other carriers keep texts at all, but they keep records of who texted who for more than a year. The document says AT&T keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages who —and when, but not the content of the messages. Virgin Mobile only keeps that data for two to three months.
^"AT&T steps up copyright enforcement, kicks customers off network". Ars Technica. November 6, 2018. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2021. Content owners notified us when they believed they had evidence that an Internet account was sharing copyrighted material unlawfully. Based on the notices we received, we identified the customer on the account and share[d] with them the information we received. We also reached out to the customer to educate them about copyright infringement and offer assistance to help prevent the activity from continuing. A small number of customers who continue to receive additional copyright infringement notifications from content owners despite our efforts to educate them will have their service discontinued. When files are distributed on the Internet over peer-to-peer networks, the IP address associated with a subscriber's account is visible by design to other users on the network. Content owners provide these IP addresses to AT&T along with additional information about the content that was allegedly shared by that IP address.
^"AT&T sued by exec who was fired over racist text". The Dallas Morning News. January 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021. Diversity and inclusion are important core values to us," the statement said. "We stand behind our decision to terminate Mr. Slator and are confident that his baseless allegations will ultimately be rejected.
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