Afrosoricida

Afrosoricida; Temporal range: Eocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi)
	Grant's golden mole (Eremitalpa granti)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Mirorder:	Afroinsectivora
Order:	Afrosoricida; Stanhope MJ, Waddell VG, Madsen O, de Jong W, Hedges SB, Cleven G, Kao D, Springer MS, 1998
Subclades
	†Afrodon; †Dilambdogale; †Protenrec; †Todralestes; †Widanelfarasia; ?†Adapisoriculidae; Chrysochloridea; Tenrecomorpha

The clade Afrosoricida (a Latin-Greek compound name which means "looking like African shrews") contains the golden moles of Southern Africa, the otter shrews of equatorial Africa and the tenrecs of Madagascar. These three groups of small mammals were for most of the 19th and 20th centuries regarded as a part of the Insectivora or Lipotyphla, but both of those groups, as traditionally used, are polyphyletic.

Naming

Some biologists use Tenrecoidea or Tenrecomorpha as the name for the tenrec-golden mole clade and regard Afrosoricida as a junior synonym (even though the rules of the ICZN do not apply above the Linnean rank of family). This is based on the principles of Simpson,^[1] summarized by Asher & Helgen^[2] to mean that "priority and stability should comprise the overriding principles by which new, high-level taxa are named. Established names for any given clade should not be altered unless the name with precedent unambiguously threatens stability." When "Afrosoricida" was first named in 1998, Afrosorex was a subgenus of Crocidura and McDowell^[3] had used the name Tenrecoidea for the same clade of golden moles and tenrecs. Gary Bronner and Paula Jenkins referred to "Afrosoricida" in their chapter in Wilson & Reeder^[4] as "... inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids, and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus Afrosorex" but still kept it due to their perception that the name was "entrenched in the recent literature" and because of the admittedly confusing history of terms like Tenrecoidea and Tenrecomorpha.^[5] Asher & Helgen^[2] presented their views on the appropriateness of these and other high-level taxa, including a response^[6] to Hedges,^[7] who supported keeping "Afrosoricida".

Biology

As a rule, tenrecs and otter shrews tend to be small animals varying from 4 cm to 39 cm in length. There is no pronounced body type since they have evolved to occupy a number of small-bodied, faunivorous niches in Madagascar (tenrecines) and mainland Africa (potamogalines). However, certain species bear some ecological similarity to hedgehogs, soricid shrews, or miniature otters. Their coat can vary from smooth to spiny and the coloration of the fur can also vary from brown, gray, to other hues (see for example photos on the ASM library^[8]). Most species are also nocturnal and have poor eyesight. Their whiskers are rather sensitive and they can detect very minute vibrations in the ground to locate their prey.

Phylogeny

Traditionally, these two families were grouped with the hedgehogs, shrews and moles in the Lipotyphla. However, there have always been minority opinions suggesting that Tenrecoidea, or at least the golden moles, are not true lipotyphlans. For example, Robert Broom wrote in 1916^[9] that "examination of the skull confirms ... that Chrysochloris is not a near ally of Centetes" (i.e., Tenrec ecaudatus) "and that it is not an Insectivore". These opinions are now supported by many genetic studies indicating an association between tenrecoids and various other African mammals in the Afrotheria.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Tenrecs and golden moles are sometimes considered part of the Afroinsectiphilia, a clade within Afrotheria.

Cladogram of living Afrosoricida

The generally accepted cladogram of living Afrosoricida is:^[12]^[13]

Afrosoricida

Chrysochloridea

Chrysochloridae

Eremitalpa	E. granti

Kilimatalpa

	K. stuhlmanni

Chrysochloris

	C. asiatica

	C. wintoni

	Chrysospalax trevelyani

	Calcochloris obtusirostris

Chlorotalpa

	C. duthieae

	C. sclateri

Amblysomus

	A. hottentotus

A. marleyi

A. septentrionalis

	A. arendsi

	A. gunningi

	A. julianae

Tenrecomorpha

Potamogalidae

Micropotamogale

	M. lamottei

	M. ruwenzorii

Potamogale

	P. velox

Tenrecidae

Tenrecinae

	Hemicentetes semispinosus

	Tenrec ecaudatus

	Echinops telfairi

	Setifer setosus

Geogale

	G. aurita

Oryzorictinae

Oryzorictes

	O. hova

Microgale

	M. talazaci

	M. dobsoni

	M. cowani

	M. brevicaudata

	M. grandidieri

M. mergulus

M. pusilla

M. majori

	M. principula

	M. longicaudata

Species

Infraclass Eutheria: placental mammals
- Superorder Afrotheria
  - Clade Afroinsectiphilia
    - Clade Afroinsectivora
      - Order Afrosoricida
        Suborder Tenrecomorpha (otter shrews and tenrecs)
        Family Potamogalidae (otter shrews)
        Genus Micropotamogale
        Nimba otter shrew (Micropotamogale lamottei)
        
        Ruwenzori otter shrew (Micropotamogale ruwenzorii)
        
        Genus Potamogale
        Giant otter shrew (Potamogale velox)
        
        Family Plesiorycteropodidae
        Genus †Plesiorycteropus
        †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis
        
        †Plesiorycteropus germainepetterae
        
        Family Tenrecidae (tenrecs)
        Subfamily Geogalinae (1 species)
        Genus Geogale
        Large-eared tenrec (Geogale aurita)
        
        Subfamily Oryzorictinae (24 species)
        Genus Microgale
        Short-tailed shrew tenrec (Microgale brevicaudata)
        
        Cowan's shrew tenrec (Microgale cowani)
        
        Drouhard's shrew tenrec (Microgale drouhardi)
        
        Dryad shrew tenrec (Microgale dryas)
        
        Pale shrew tenrec (Microgale fotsifotsy)
        
        Gracile shrew tenrec (Microgale gracilis)
        
        Naked-nosed shrew tenrec (Microgale gymnorhyncha)
        
        Jenkins's shrew tenrec (Microgale jenkinsae)
        
        Northern shrew tenrec (Microgale jobihely)
        
        Lesser long-tailed shrew tenrec (Microgale longicaudata)
        
        Major's long-tailed tenrec (Microgale majori)
        
        Web-footed tenrec (Microgale mergulus)
        
        Montane shrew tenrec (Microgale monticola)
        
        Nasolo's shrew tenrec (Microgale nasoloi)
        
        Pygmy shrew tenrec (Microgale parvula)
        
        Greater long-tailed shrew tenrec (Microgale principula)
        
        Least shrew tenrec (Microgale pusilla)
        
        Shrew-toothed shrew tenrec (Microgale soricoides)
        
        Taiva shrew tenrec (Microgale taiva)
        
        Thomas's shrew tenrec (Microgale thomasi)
        
        Subgenus Nesogale
        Dobson's shrew tenrec (Nesogale dobsoni)
        
        Talazac's shrew tenrec (Nesogale talazaci)
        
        Genus Oryzorictes
        Mole-like rice tenrec (Oryzorictes hova)
        
        Four-toed rice tenrec (Oryzorictes tetradactylus)
        
        Subfamily Tenrecinae (5 species)
        Tribe Setiferini
        Genus Echinops
        Lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi)
        
        Genus Setifer
        Greater hedgehog tenrec (Setifer setosus)
        
        Tribe Tenrecini
        Genus Hemicentetes
        Highland streaked tenrec (Hemicentetes nigriceps)
        
        Lowland streaked tenrec (Hemicentetes semispinosus)
        
        Genus Tenrec
        Common tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus)
        
        Suborder Chrysochloridea (golden moles)
        Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
        Subfamily Chrysochlorinae (11 species)
        Genus Carpitalpa
        Arends' golden mole (Carpitalpa arendsi)
        
        Genus Chlorotalpa
        Duthie's golden mole (Chlorotalpa duthieae)
        
        Sclater's golden mole (Chlorotalpa sclateri)
        
        Genus Chrysochloris
        Subgenus Chrysochloris
        Cape golden mole (Chrysochloris asiatica)
        
        Visagie's golden mole (Chrysochloris visagiei)
        
        Subgenus Kilimatalpa
        Stuhlmann's golden mole (Chrysochloris stuhlmanni)
        
        Genus Chrysospalax
        Giant golden mole (Chrysospalax trevelyani)
        
        Rough-haired golden mole (Chrysospalax villosus)
        
        Genus Cryptochloris
        De Winton's golden mole (Cryptochloris wintoni)
        
        Van Zyl's golden mole (Cryptochloris zyli)
        
        Genus Eremitalpa
        Grant's golden mole (Eremitalpa granti)
        
        Subfamily Amblysominae (10 species)
        Genus Amblysomus
        Fynbos golden mole (Amblysomus corriae)
        
        Hottentot golden mole (Amblysomus hottentotus)
        
        Marley's golden mole (Amblysomus marleyi)
        
        Robust golden mole (Amblysomus robustus)
        
        Highveld golden mole (Amblysomus septentrionalis)
        
        Genus Calcochloris
        Subgenus Huetia
        Congo golden mole (Calcochloris leucorhinus)
        
        Subgenus Calcochloris
        Yellow golden mole (Calcochloris obtusirostris)
        
        Subgenus incertae sedis
        Somali golden mole (Calcochloris tytonis)
        
        Genus Neamblysomus
        Juliana's golden mole (Neamblysomus julianae)
        
        Gunning's golden mole (Neamblysomus gunningi)

References

^ Simpson, G.G. (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 1–350.
^ ^a ^b Asher, R.J.; Helgen, K.M. (2010). "Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..102A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-102. PMC 2865478. PMID 20406454.
^ McDowell, S.B. (1958). "The Greater Antillean Insectivores". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 115: 1–214.
^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Stanhope (1998). "Afrosoricida". In Wilson; Reeder (eds.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Bucknell University – via bucknell.edu/biology.
^ Asher, R.J.; Helgen, K.M. (2011). "High level Mammalian taxonomy: a response to Hedges (2011)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3092: 63–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3092.1.5.
^ Hedges, S. Blair (2011-05-05). "On the use of high-level taxonomic names". Zootaxa. 2867 (1): 67. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2867.1.5. ISSN 1175-5334.
^ "tenrec". Image library. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
^ Broom, R. (1916). "On the structure of the skull in Chrysochloris". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1916 (3): 449–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1916.tb02024.x.
^ Stanhope, M.J.; Waddell, V.G.; Madsen, O.; de Jong, W.; Hedges, S.B.; Cleven, G.C.; Kao, D.; Springer, M.S. (1998). "Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (17): 9967–9972. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9967S. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967. PMC 21445. PMID 9707584.
^ Douady, C.J.; Douzery, E.J.P. (2003). "Molecular estimation of eulipotyphlan divergence times and the evolution of "Insectivora"". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (2): 285–296. Bibcode:2003MolPE..28..285D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00119-2. PMID 12878465.
^ ^a ^b Everson, K.M.; Soarimalala, V.; Goodman, S.M.; Olson, L.E. (2016). "Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests". Systematic Biology. 65 (5): 890–909. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw034. PMID 27103169.
^ ^a ^b Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019). "Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation". PLOS Biol. 17 (12): e3000494. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494. PMC 6892540. PMID 31800571.

[Simpson1945-1] Simpson, G.G. (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 1–350.

[AsherHelgen2010-2] Asher, R.J.; Helgen, K.M. (2010). "Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..102A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-102. PMC 2865478. PMID 20406454.

[McDowell1958-3] McDowell, S.B. (1958). "The Greater Antillean Insectivores". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 115: 1–214.

[4] Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[5] Stanhope (1998). "Afrosoricida". In Wilson; Reeder (eds.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Bucknell University – via bucknell.edu/biology.

[6] Asher, R.J.; Helgen, K.M. (2011). "High level Mammalian taxonomy: a response to Hedges (2011)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3092: 63–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3092.1.5.

[7] Hedges, S. Blair (2011-05-05). "On the use of high-level taxonomic names". Zootaxa. 2867 (1): 67. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2867.1.5. ISSN 1175-5334.

[8] "tenrec". Image library. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 7 September 2023.

[Broom1916-9] Broom, R. (1916). "On the structure of the skull in Chrysochloris". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1916 (3): 449–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1916.tb02024.x.

[Stanhope1998-10] Stanhope, M.J.; Waddell, V.G.; Madsen, O.; de Jong, W.; Hedges, S.B.; Cleven, G.C.; Kao, D.; Springer, M.S. (1998). "Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (17): 9967–9972. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9967S. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967. PMC 21445. PMID 9707584.

[Douady2003-11] Douady, C.J.; Douzery, E.J.P. (2003). "Molecular estimation of eulipotyphlan divergence times and the evolution of "Insectivora"". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (2): 285–296. Bibcode:2003MolPE..28..285D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00119-2. PMID 12878465.

[Everson2016-12] Everson, K.M.; Soarimalala, V.; Goodman, S.M.; Olson, L.E. (2016). "Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests". Systematic Biology. 65 (5): 890–909. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw034. PMID 27103169.

[Upham2019-13] Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019). "Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation". PLOS Biol. 17 (12): e3000494. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494. PMC 6892540. PMID 31800571.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

Afrosoricida

Naming

Biology

Phylogeny

Cladogram of living Afrosoricida

Species

See also

References

Read other articles:

Basil Rathbone

North Dallas High School

Selat Madura

Interféromètre astronomique

كوم العرب

Dudukuy

Zazie Beetz

Герб Херсона

The Terminator: Dawn of Fate

Секст Клавдій Петроній Проб

Karlo Hmeljak

Academia do Vôlei Uberlândia

Smoking in Indonesia

Toray Pan Pacific Open 1990, парний розряд

Heathers (TV series)

Pedreira (distrito de São Paulo)

Ridley (TV series)

جبل الرديهة

Kielce pogrom

Raja Swar Khan