The American Law Institute (ALI) is a research and advocacy group of judges, lawyers, and legal scholars established in 1923 to promote the clarification and simplification of United Statescommon law and its adaptation to changing social needs.[1] Members of ALI include law professors, practicing attorneys, judges and other professionals in the legal industry. ALI writes documents known as "treatises", which are summaries of generally state court common law (legal principles that come out of U.S. state court decisions, compare federal common law -- most common law in the U.S. is developed at the state level). Many courts and legislatures look to ALI's treatises as authoritative reference material concerning many legal issues. However, some legal experts and the late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, along with some conservative commentators,[2] have voiced concern about ALI rewriting the law.[3]
At any time, ALI is engaged in up to 20 projects examining the law. Some current projects have been watched closely by the media, particularly the revision of the Model Penal Code Sexual Assault provisions.[4][5][6]
History
The American Law Institute's headquarters in Philadelphia
The movement that led to ALI's founding began in 1888. Law professor Henry Taylor Terry, then teaching in Japan, wrote that year to the American Bar Association (ABA) to recommend that it should solicit proposals for a "complete scientific arrangement of the whole body” of the law, and in response, the ABA set up a special committee on classification of law. James DeWitt Andrews, chair of the committee from 1901 to 1908, then launched his own Corpus Juris project in 1910, and in 1913, founded the American Academy of Jurisprudence (AAJ) to build the Corpus Juris jointly with the ABA. Andrews and his supporters proposed that the Corpus Juris would be systematically compiled with the assistance of leading experts in each field of American law. They argued that the Corpus Juris would be more comprehensive, authoritative, and accurate than existing treatises and digests like the West American Digest System, and they regarded the lawyers who worked on such digests, such as West Publishing's attorney-editors, as second- and third-rate mediocrities. However, Andrews ran into staunch resistance from the very legal academics whom he needed to rally behind him to make such a project possible, especially John Henry Wigmore, dean of Northwestern University School of Law. Separately from the legal practitioners at the ABA, the legal academics at the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) formed committees to study the creation of a "national center for study of law and jurisprudence" in 1915, and a "juristic center" in 1916. The ABA finally pulled the plug on the hapless Andrews in 1923, who was still trying to rally support for the AAJ and what he was now calling a Codex Library, and threw its support behind the AALS's proposal for the founding of a "juristic center", which evolved into ALI. What seems to have finally united the ABA and the AALS behind the foundation of ALI in 1923 was the shared perception that "Andrews and his Academy of Jurisprudence should not be entrusted with the task of classifying and restating American law".[7]
The ALI was founded in 1923 on the initiative of William Draper Lewis, Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School, following a study by a group of prominent American judges, lawyers, and teachers who sought to address the uncertain and complex nature of early 20th century American law. According to the "Committee on the Establishment of a Permanent Organization for the Improvement of the Law," part of the law's uncertainty stemmed from the lack of agreement on fundamental principles of the common-law system, while the law's complexity was attributed to the numerous variations within different jurisdictions. The committee recommended that a perpetual society be formed to improve the law and the administration of justice in a scholarly and scientific manner.[8]
The organization was incorporated on February 23, 1923, at a meeting called by the committee in the auditorium of Memorial Continental Hall in Washington, D.C. According to ALI's Certificate of Incorporation, its purpose is "to promote the clarification and simplification of the law and its better adaptation to social needs, to secure the better administration of justice, and to encourage and carry on scholarly and scientific legal work".[8]
Publications
The basic approach and format of all American Law Institute publications is similar:[9]
An expert in the field of law, usually a legal scholar, is designated as reporter. With the help of assistants, the reporter does the basic research and prepares material.
An initial draft is submitted for suggestions and revisions to a small group of advisers—judges, lawyers, and law teachers—with special knowledge of the subject. In most projects, the draft is also reviewed by a group of ALI members with a particular interest in the topic.
The revised draft is next submitted for additional analysis and consideration to the ALI Council, a body of some 70 prominent judges, practicing lawyers, and law teachers. The draft can then be referred either to the reporter and advisers for further review or to the general ALI membership.
When approved by the council, the draft is presented as a tentative draft to an annual meeting of the entire membership for debate and discussion. The membership may approve the draft, subject to revisions, or refer it back to the reporter and advisers. A series of tentative drafts is produced in this way over a number of years.
A proposed final draft consisting of all prior tentative drafts as modified by membership action may then be submitted to the council and the membership. When the project has been approved by both, an official text is published.
The final product thus reflects the review and criticism of experienced members of the bench, bar, and academia. The process may take many years, and it is not unusual for a single Restatement of the law project to take over twenty years to complete.[10]
Restatements are essentially codifications of case law, common law judge-made doctrines that develop gradually over time because of the principle of stare decisis. Although Restatements are not binding authority in and of themselves, they are highly persuasive because they are formulated over several years with extensive input from law professors, practicing attorneys, and judges. They are meant to reflect the consensus of the American legal community as to what the law is (and in some areas, what it should become). All told, the Restatement of the Law is one of the most respected and well-used sources of secondary authority, covering nearly every area of common law.
Restatements[11] are primarily addressed to courts and aim at clear formulations of common law and its statutory elements, and reflect the law as it presently stands or might appropriately be stated by a court. Although Restatements aspire toward the precision of statutory language, they are also intended to reflect the flexibility and capacity for development and growth of the common law. That is why they are phrased in the descriptive terms of a judge announcing the law to be applied in a given case rather than in the mandatory terms of a statute.[9]
ALI recently completed the Fourth Restatement of U.S. Foreign Relations Law[12] and the Principles of Election Administration.[13]
Principles of the law
Beginning with the Principles of Corporate Governance (issued in 1994), the American Law Institute issued studies of areas of law thought to need reform. This type of analysis typically results in a publication that recommends changes in the law. Principles of the Law issued so far include volumes on Aggregate Litigation (2010), Family Dissolution (2002), Intellectual Property (2008), Software Contracts (2010), Transnational Civil Procedure (2006; cosponsored by UNIDROIT), and Transnational Insolvency: Cooperation Among the NAFTA Countries (2003). Work in the Principles of the Law series continues with projects covering Corporate Compliance, Data Privacy, Election Law, and Government Ethics.[9]
Model acts
ALI has also produces model acts on topics ranging from air flight, criminal procedure, evidence, federal securities law, land development, pre-arraignment procedure, to property. Some of these projects were undertaken jointly with the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL).
The chief joint ALI-NCCUSL project is the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which the institute has been developing and revising with the National Conference since the 1940s. First published in 1952, the UCC is one of a number of uniform acts that have been promulgated in conjunction with efforts to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in all 50 states within the United States. The Uniform Commercial Code is generally viewed as one of the most important developments in American law, having been enacted (with local adaptations) in almost every jurisdiction.[citation needed]
The Model Penal Code (MPC) is another ALI statutory formulation that has been widely accepted throughout the United States. Adopted by the institute membership in 1962 after twelve years of drafting and development, the code's purpose was to stimulate and assist legislatures in making an effort to update and standardize the penal law of the United States. Primary responsibility for criminal law lies with the individual states, and such national efforts work to produce similar laws in different jurisdictions. The standard they used to make a determination of what the penal code should be was one of "contemporary reasoned judgment", meaning what a reasoned person at the time of the development of the MPC would judge the penal law to do. The chief reporter for this undertaking was Herbert Wechsler, who later became a director of the institute.
ALI recently completed the Sentencing revision,[14][15] and is still working on the sexual assault and related offenses project that is re-examining Article 213 of the Model Penal Code.[16]
Membership
Membership in the American Law Institute is limited to 3,000 elected members who are judges, lawyers, and legal scholars from different practice areas.[17] Membership includes distinguished foreign judges, such as Lord Gill[18] from Scotland.
Governance
The institute is governed by its council, a volunteer board of directors that oversees the management of ALI's business and projects. Having no fewer than 42 and no more than 65 members, the council consists of lawyers, judges, and academics, and reflects a broad range of specialties and experiences.[19]
