Anastrozole, sold under the brand name Arimidex among others, is an antiestrogenic medication used in addition to other treatments for breast cancer.[6][7] Specifically it is used for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.[7] It has also been used to prevent breast cancer in those at high risk.[7] It is taken by mouth.[7]
Anastrozole is used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer in women.[7] The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial was of localized breast cancer and women received either anastrozole, the selective estrogen receptor modulatortamoxifen, or both for five years, followed by five years of follow-up.[13] After more than 5 years the group that received anastrozole had better results than the tamoxifen group.[13] The trial suggested that anastrozole is the preferred medical therapy for postmenopausal women with localized estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.[13]
Anastrozole does not affect circulating levels of tamoxifen or its major metaboliteN-desmethyltamoxifen.[3][2] However, tamoxifen has been found to decrease steady-statearea-under-the-curve levels of anastrozole by 27%.[3][2] But estradiol levels were not significantly different in the group that received both anastrozole and tamoxifen compared to the anastrozole alone group, so the decrease in anastrozole levels is not thought to be clinically important.[4]
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Anastrozole works by reversibly binding to the aromataseenzyme, and through competitive inhibition blocks the conversion of androgens to estrogens in peripheral (extragonadal) tissues.[25] The medication has been found to achieve 96.7% to 97.3% inhibition of aromatase at a dosage of 1 mg/day and 98.1% inhibition of aromatase at a dosage of 10 mg/day in humans.[3][2] As such, 1 mg/day is considered to be the minimal dosage required to achieve maximal suppression of aromatase with anastrozole.[3] This decrease in aromatase activity results in an at least 85% decrease in estradiol levels in postmenopausal women.[3] Levels of corticosteroids and other adrenal steroids are unaffected by anastrozole.[3]
The bioavailability of anastrozole in humans is unknown, but it was found to be well-absorbed in animals.[2][6] Absorption of anastrozole is linear over a dosage range of 1 to 20 mg/day in humans and does not change with repeated administration.[3][4][6]Food does not significantly influence the extent of absorption of anastrozole.[4][6]Peak levels of anastrozole occur a median 3 hours after administration, but with a wide range of 2 to 12 hours.[2][4]Steady-state levels of anastrozole are achieved within 7 to 10 days of continuous administration, with 3.5-fold accumulation.[3][2][4] However, maximal suppression of estradiol levels occurs within 3 or 4 days of therapy.[3]
Active efflux of anastrozole by P-glycoprotein at the blood–brain barrier has been found to limit the central nervous system penetration of anastrozole in rodents, whereas this was not the case with letrozole and vorozole.[26][27][28] As such, anastrozole may have peripheral selectivity in humans, although this has yet to be confirmed.[28] In any case, estradiol is synthesized peripherally and readily crosses the blood–brain barrier, so anastrozole would still expected to reduce estradiol levels in the central nervous system to a certain degree. The plasma protein binding of anastrozole is 40%.[3][4]
Anastrozole was patented by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in 1987 and was approved for medical use, specifically the treatment of breast cancer, in 1995.[8][9]
Society and culture
Generic names
Anastrozole is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name.[1]
Brand names
Anastrozole is primarily sold under the brand name Arimidex.[1] However, it is also marketed under a variety of other brand names throughout the world.[1]
Availability
Anastrozole is available widely throughout the world.[1]
Anastrozole was under development for the treatment of female infertility but did not complete development and hence was never approved for this indication.[35]
An anastrozole and levonorgestrelvaginal ring (developmental code name BAY 98–7196) was under development for use as a hormonal contraceptive and treatment for endometriosis, but development was discontinued in November 2018 and the formulation was never marketed.[36]
^"anastrozole". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). European Molecular Biology Laboratory. Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
^ abcdefghijk"Anastrozole". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
^ abDukes M (1997). "The relevance of preclinical models to the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer". Oncology. 54 (2): 6–10. doi:10.1159/000227748. PMID9394853.
^World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^Haddad NG, Eugster EA (2012). "Peripheral Precocious Puberty: Interventions to Improve Growth". Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease. Springer. pp. 1199–1212. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_71. ISBN978-1-4419-1794-2.
^Haddad NG, Eugster EA (June 2019). "Peripheral precocious puberty including congenital adrenal hyperplasia: causes, consequences, management and outcomes". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 33 (3): 101273. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.04.007. hdl:1805/19111. PMID31027974. S2CID135410503.
^Mauras N (October 2011). "Strategies for maximizing growth in puberty in children with short stature". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 58 (5): 1167–79, x. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.07.007. PMID21981954.
^Environmental Health Perspectives: Supplements. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 1993. pp. 256–260.
^ abSerefoglu EC, Gokce A, Hellstrom WJ, Guay AT (2013). "Alternate Therapies for Testosterone Replacement". Androgen Deficiency and Testosterone Replacement. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. pp. 141–147. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-179-0_11. ISBN978-1-62703-178-3.
^Khera M, Adaikan G, Buvat J, Carrier S, El-Meliegy A, Hatzimouratidis K, et al. (December 2016). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency: Recommendations From the Fourth International Consultation for Sexual Medicine (ICSM 2015)". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 13 (12): 1787–1804. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.10.009. PMID27914560.
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