Arthur Wergs Mitchell

Arthur W. Mitchell
Arthur W. Mitchell
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives; from Illinois's 1st district
	In office; January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1943
Preceded by	Oscar De Priest
Succeeded by	William Dawson
Personal details
Born	December 22, 1883; Lafayette, Alabama
Died	May 9, 1968 (aged 84); Petersburg, Virginia
Political party	Republican (Until 1932) Democratic (After 1932)
Spouse	Eula Mae King (m. January 11, 1905 – d. 1910) 1 son Annie H. Mitchell (married c. 1919 – d. March 7, 1947) Clara D. Smith (m. March 20, 1948 – his death May 9, 1968)
Profession	Lawyer, Farmer

Arthur Wergs Mitchell, Sr. (December 22, 1883 – May 9, 1968), was a U.S. Representative from Illinois and civil rights activist. Representing Illinois's 1st congressional district, for his entire congressional career from 1935 to 1943, he was the only African American in Congress. A supporter of the New Deal, Mitchell was the first African American to be elected to the United States Congress as a Democrat.^[1]

Early life

Mitchell was born to Taylor Mitchell and Emma (Patterson) in Lafayette, Alabama.^[1] He left home at 14 to attend the Tuskegee Institute. He worked on a farm and as an office boy to Booker T. Washington while attending the Institute. Mitchell attended Columbia University briefly and qualified for the bar.^[1] He then moved to Chicago, Illinois and began to work for the Republican Party. Mitchell switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party in 1932 as he was “ambitious and impatient with the entrenched black Republican leadership, [seeking] a chance for personal advancement in the concurrent rise of the national Democratic party."^[2] He was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity and served as its 6th International President from 1926–1934.

Political career

Mitchell was elected to the House of Representatives in 1934, defeating African American congressman Oscar De Priest, who was a Republican. During the election campaign, Mitchell emphasized his support for the New Deal and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's public relief programs,^[3] in addition to criticizing De Priest's opposition to segregation as ineffective.^[4] After Mitchell won the election with 53% of the vote, De Priest told him "I congratulate you as [the] first Negro Democratic congressman."^[3]

In Congress, Mitchell introduced bills banning lynching and against discrimination. He filed a lawsuit against the Illinois Central and Rock Island Railroads after he was forced into a segregated train car just before it passed into Arkansas.^[1] Mitchell's suit was advanced to the U.S. Supreme Court as case Mitchell v. United States,^[5] which ruled that the railroad violated the Interstate Commerce Act. He voluntarily chose not to seek re-election in 1942. As his last congressional act, Mitchell condemned politicians as preferring the Axis powers over giving Negros any rights, comparing the atrocities of the Nazis and Japanese with lynchings such as those that had recently occurred in Shubuta, Mississippi.^[6]

Despite having been elected to Congress in part on campaigning against De Priest's civil rights record as weak, Mitchell himself faced accusations by civil rights advocates of making insufficient efforts.^[1] In one instance, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People deemed his introduced anti-lynching bill as too lenient.

After Congress

He moved to Virginia and became a farmer, working twelve acres (49,000 m²) of property. He died at his home in Petersburg, Virginia, on May 9, 1968.

Electoral history

Illinois's 1st congressional district Democratic primary, 1934^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Harry Baker	7,236	44.8
	Democratic	Arthur W. Mitchell	6,812	42.2
	Democratic	Edgar G. Brown	1,117	6.9
	Democratic	Frank J. Staufer	781	4.8
	Democratic	Albert E. Redd	204	1.3
Total votes			16,150	100

Illinois's 1st congressional district general election, 1934^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur W. Mitchell	27,963	53.0
	Republican	Oscar DePriest (incumbent)	24,829	47.0
Total votes			52,792	100

Illinois's 1st congressional district Democratic primary, 1936^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur W. Mitchell (incumbent)	16,332	79.5
	Democratic	George C. Adams	2,491	12.1
	Democratic	Hugh J. Daly	1,722	8.4
Total votes			20,545	100

Illinois's 1st congressional district general election, 1936^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur W. Mitchell (incumbent)	35,376	55.1
	Republican	Oscar DePriest	28,640	44.6
	Independent	Harry Haywood	192	0.3
Total votes			64,208	100

Illinois's 1st congressional district Democratic primary, 1938^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur W. Mitchell (incumbent)	16,995	81.6
	Democratic	Augustus L. Williams	2,703	13.0
	Democratic	James P. Durden	1,132	5.4
	Write-in		1	nil
Total votes			20,831	100

Illinois's 1st congressional district general election, 1938^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur W. Mitchell (incumbent)	30,207	53.4
	Republican	William L. Dawson	26,396	46.6
Total votes			56,603	100

Illinois's 1st congressional district Democratic primary, 1940^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur W. Mitchell (incumbent)	17,767	84.1
	Democratic	Willard S. Townsend	3,358	15.9
Total votes			21,125	100

Illinois's 1st congressional district general election, 1940^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur W. Mitchell (incumbent)	34,641	53.0
	Republican	William E. King	30,698	47.0
Total votes			65,339	100

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mitchell, Arthur Wergs. US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
^ Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: 78.
^ ^a ^b "Representative Arthur Mitchell of Illinois Defeats Incumbent Oscar De Priest | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
^ De Priest, Oscar Stanton. US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
^ 313 U.S. 80 (1941)
^ "Mitchell says too many prefer axis victory to granting negro rights". Jackson Advocate. December 26, 1942. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Downloadable Vote Totals". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 2022-10-11.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

External sources

United States Congress. "Arthur Wergs Mitchell (id: M000805)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Barnes, Catherine A. (1983). Journey From Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231053808.
O'Connor, Allison (November 14, 2007). Arthur Wergs Mitchell (1883–1968). BlackPast.