Baicalein
Polyphenol compound
Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a flavone , a type of flavonoid ,[ 1] originally isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and Scutellaria lateriflora . It is also a constituent of Oroxylum indicum (Indian trumpetflower) and thyme .[ 2] It is the aglycone of baicalin .
Pharmacology
Baicalein, along with its glucuronide baicalin , is a positive allosteric modulator of the benzodiazepine site and a non-benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor , but with an affinity over 250× lower than diazepam .[ 3] [ 4] [ 5] It displays subtype selectivity for α2 and α3 subunit -containing GABAA receptors.[ 6]
The flavonoid has been shown to inhibit certain types of lipoxygenases .[ 7]
Baicalein is an inhibitor of CYP2C9 ,[ 8] an enzyme of the cytochrome P450 system that metabolizes drugs in the body.
A derivative of baicalin is a known prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor.[ 9]
See also
References
^ "Flavonoids" . Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024 .
^ Matsumoto T (2008). Phytochemistry Research Progress . Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781604562323 .
^ Zhang SQ, Obregon D, Ehrhart J, Deng J, Tian J, Hou H, et al. (September 2013). "Baicalein reduces β-amyloid and promotes nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model" . Journal of Neuroscience Research . 91 (9): 1239–1246. doi :10.1002/jnr.23244 . PMC 3810722 . PMID 23686791 .
^ Liao JF, Wang HH, Chen MC, Chen CC, Chen CF (August 1998). "Benzodiazepine binding site-interactive flavones from Scutellaria baicalensis root". Planta Medica . 64 (6): 571–572. doi :10.1055/s-2006-957517 . PMID 9776664 . S2CID 260251315 .
^ Roberts AA (2004). "Testing efficacy of natural anxiolytic compounds". In Cooper EL, Yamaguchi N (eds.). Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Biomedicine . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 546. pp. 181–191. doi :10.1007/978-1-4757-4820-8_13 . ISBN 978-1-4419-3441-3 . PMID 15584374 .
^ Wang F, Xu Z, Ren L, Tsang SY, Xue H (December 2008). "GABA A receptor subtype selectivity underlying selective anxiolytic effect of baicalin". Neuropharmacology . 55 (7): 1231–1237. doi :10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.040 . PMID 18723037 . S2CID 20133964 .
^ Deschamps JD, Kenyon VA, Holman TR (June 2006). "Baicalein is a potent in vitro inhibitor against both reticulocyte 15-human and platelet 12-human lipoxygenases" . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry . 14 (12): 4295–4301. doi :10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.057 . PMID 16500106 . S2CID 645610 .
^ Si D, Wang Y, Zhou YH, Guo Y, Wang J, Zhou H, et al. (March 2009). "Mechanism of CYP2C9 inhibition by flavones and flavonols" (PDF) . Drug Metabolism and Disposition . 37 (3): 629–634. doi :10.1124/dmd.108.023416 . PMID 19074529 . S2CID 285706 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2009-02-19 .
^ Tarragó T, Kichik N, Claasen B, Prades R, Teixidó M, Giralt E (August 2008). "Baicalin, a prodrug able to reach the CNS, is a prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry . 16 (15): 7516–7524. doi :10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.067 . PMID 18650094 .
Aglycones
Monohydroxyflavone Dihydroxyflavones Trihydroxyflavones Tetrahydroxyflavones Pentahydroxyflavones O-methylated flavones
Glycosides
of apigenin of baicalein of hypolaetin of luteolin
Acetylated Sulfated glycosides Polymers Drugs
Alcohols Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Carbamates Flavonoids Imidazoles Kava constituentsMonoureides Neuroactive steroids Nonbenzodiazepines Phenols Piperidinediones Pyrazolopyridines Quinazolinones Volatiles /gases Others/unsorted
3-Hydroxybutanal
α-EMTBL
AA-29504
Alogabat
Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin )
Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide , potassium bromide , sodium bromide )
Carbamazepine
Chloralose
Chlormezanone
Clomethiazole
Darigabat
DEABL
Deuterated etifoxine
Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergosine , dihydroergotamine , ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) )
DS2
Efavirenz
Etazepine
Etifoxine
Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid , mefenamic acid , niflumic acid , tolfenamic acid )
Fluoxetine
Flupirtine
Hopantenic acid
KRM-II-81
Lanthanum
Lavender oil
Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol , honokiol , magnolol , obovatol )
Loreclezole
Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
Monastrol
Niacin
Niacinamide
Org 25,435
Phenytoin
Propanidid
Retigabine (ezogabine)
Safranal
Seproxetine
Stiripentol
Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal) , tetronal , trional )
Terpenoids (e.g., borneol )
Topiramate
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ER Tooltip Estrogen receptor
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3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
3α-Hydroxytibolone
3β-Hydroxytibolone
3β-Androstanediol
4-Androstenediol
4-Androstenedione
4-Fluoroestradiol
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4-Methoxyestrone
5-Androstenediol
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17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
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Chalconoids (e.g., isoliquiritigenin , phloretin , phlorizin (phloridzin) , wedelolactone )
Coumestans (e.g., coumestrol , psoralidin )
Flavonoids (incl. 7,8-DHF , 8-prenylnaringenin , apigenin , baicalein , baicalin , biochanin A , calycosin , catechin , daidzein , daidzin , ECG , EGCG , epicatechin , equol , formononetin , glabrene , glabridin , genistein , genistin , glycitein , kaempferol , liquiritigenin , mirificin , myricetin , naringenin , penduletin , pinocembrin , prunetin , puerarin , quercetin , tectoridin , tectorigenin )
Lavender oil
Lignans (e.g., enterodiol , enterolactone , nyasol (cis -hinokiresinol) )
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Phytosteroids (e.g., digitoxin (digitalis ), diosgenin , guggulsterone )
Phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol , campesterol , stigmasterol )
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Steroid -like (e.g., deoxymiroestrol , miroestrol )
Stilbenoids (e.g., resveratrol , rhaponticin )
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Agonists Antagonists Unknown
Receptor (ligands )
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Enzyme (inhibitors )
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Others