Ban Zu

Ban Zu or Banzu (Chinese: 班卒; pinyin: Bānzú; Wade–Giles: Pan-tsu; Malay: Pancur) was a port settlement believed to have thrived in Singapore during the 14th century. It is thought to be located on Fort Canning Hill and the area on the north bank of the Singapore River basin between the hill and the sea. It was mentioned by the Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan in his work Daoyi Zhilüe together with Long Ya Men as the two settlements that made up Temasek. It may have been abandoned before 1400 after an attack by either the Siamese or the Majapahit.

Name

Ban Zu is likely a Chinese transcription of the Malay word pancur meaning "spring of water". Pancur is a common placename in the region. Fansur (Pansur) in Sumatra was known to the Arabs in the 10th century, and Fansur was also the name of a capital of Johor in the 16th century.^[1] A spring used to exist on the west side of Fort Canning Hill, called pancur larangan or "forbidden spring" in Malay, where the women of the royal household in old Singapura were said to bathe in.^[2]

Historical accounts

Historical information on Ban Zu comes from the Yuan dynasty work Daoyi Zhilüe written by Wang Dayuan. Ban Zu was described as being located behind on a hill behind Long Ya Men of Temasek. Its relationship with Long Ya Men is uncertain, and the descriptions of the people in Banzu and Long Ya Men are different, including their clothing. While the people of Long Ya Men were said to be prone to acts of piracy, the people of Ban Zu were described as honest.

This locality is the hill behind Long-ya-men. It resembles a truncated coil. It rises to a hollow summit, [surrounded] by interconnected terraces, so that the people's dwellings encircle it. The soil is poor and grain scarce. The climate is irregular, for there is heavy rain in summer, when it is rather cool. By custom and disposition [the people] are honest. They wear their hair short, with turbans of gold-brocaded satin, and red-oiled cloths [covering] their bodies. They boil sea-water to obtain salt and ferment rice to make spirits called ming chia. They are under a chieftain.
— Wang Dayuan, translation by Paul Wheatley.^[3]^[4]

Wang reported that the local produce of Ban Zu were hornbill casques, lakawood of medium quality, and cotton. They traded in silk cloths, iron bars, local cotton prints, red gold, porcelain, and iron utensils.^[5]

Wang's accounts suggest that the city of Temasek was moated and gated, and that the Siamese attacked the city moat of Temasek with around 70 ships a few years before he visited. The city however successfully resisted the attack for a month until the Siamese left when Javanese envoys happened to pass by.^[5]^[6]

Description and archaeology

Jewellery found at Fort Canning Hill probably dating to the mid-14th century. The plaque on the armlet possibly features a *singhamukha*, formerly identified as a Javanese *kala* head^[7].

Ban Zu is believed by some scholars to be located on today's Fort Canning Hill and its nearby areas.^[3]^[8]^[9]^[10] Ruins of an old city in Singapore were still visible by the early 19th century, but have since been obliterated by the development of Singapore. Stamford Raffles mentioned the lines of the old city and its defences, and the British Resident John Crawfurd wrote about the ruins in some details. Crawfurd described in 1822 the ancient city as being roughly triangular in shape with a base of around a mile in length. It was bounded to the north by remnants of a wall nearly a mile long, around 16 feet (5 m) wide and about 8–9 feet (3 m) high along present day Stamford Road, the east by the sea, and the west by a salt creek that would overflow at high water. A fresh water rivulet formed a kind of a moat alongside the wall. Although Wang Dayuan mentioned that Ban Zu was gated, no opening was apparent along this wall according to Crawfurd.^[11]

Crawfurd also noted the remains of buildings, some of brick foundation, on the west and northern side of Fort Canning Hill. Among these are ruins of a terrace 40 feet (12 m) square near the top of the hill that he took to be a temple, with another terrace almost as big on the northern slope of the hill that local Malays believed to be the tomb of Iskandar Shah (who actually died in Malacca).^[12] Crawfurd also mentioned ancient fruit trees cultivated in the gardens, and found pottery fragments and Chinese coins, the earliest of which were dated to 10th century Song Dynasty.^[11]

In 1928, a cache of gold ornaments dating to the mid-14th century was discovered at Fort Canning Hill while the Fort Canning reservoir was being excavated. These include a pair of near-identical flexible armlets, a finger ring inscribed with a bird-like motif, three pairs of circular rings (perhaps earrings), an elliptical ornament, and a jewelled clasp with a disc-and-conch motif.^[13] Some of these including the clasp were lost during the Japanese occupation of Singapore in the Second World War.^[14] The remaining ornaments have since been reappraised; the gold armband was recently identified as a singhamukha as opposed to its former identification as a Javanese kala motif and two of the circular ornaments bore Hindu-Buddhist references.^[15]^[16]

Archaeological excavations were conducted on Fort Canning by John Miksic in 1984, later expanded to nearby area bounded by the hill, the banks of the Singapore River and the sea, such as the Parliament House Complex, Empress Place and other locations. The excavations confirmed the presence of a thriving settlement and a trade port here during the 14th century.^[17] The artefacts found show that Fort Canning Hill was occupied by the elites, with perhaps a royal palace. It was also the location of artisanal workshops where glass may be recycled, as well as religious activities, although it was not a major ceremonial center. The entire Fort Canning Hill area therefore may have been once dotted with various buildings of political, religious and commercial significance. In areas near the hill, evidence of commercial activities and metal working have been found. Analyses of Chinese porcelain found indicate occupation of the site from the late 13th to mid-15th century,^[17] while evidence of earthenware manufacture may date the existence of a settlement to the 12th century. The royal centre on Fort Canning Hill may have been abandoned before 1400 after the attacks by either the Siamese or the Majapahit as suggested by historical accounts.^[8]^[17]

References

^ "Wang Dayuan". History SG. National Library Board.
^ John Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-9971695743.
^ ^a ^b Paul Wheatley (1961). The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. pp. 83–84. OCLC 504030596.
^ "島夷誌略: 班卒". Full original text: 地勢連龍牙門後山，若纏若斷，起凹峯而盤結，故民環居焉。田瘠，穀少登。氣候不齊，夏則多雨而微寒。俗質，披短髮，緞錦纏頭，紅油布繫身。煮海為鹽，釀米為酒，名明家西。有酋長。地產上等鶴頂、中等降眞、木綿花。貿易之貨，用絲布、鐵條、土印布、赤金、甆器、鐵鼎之屬
^ ^a ^b John Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-9971695743.
^ "島夷誌略: 暹". Original text: 近年以七十餘艘來侵單馬錫，攻打城池，一月不下。本處閉關而守，不敢與爭。遇爪哇使臣經過，暹人聞之乃遁，遂掠昔里而歸。
^ Ong, NSY. "The So-Called 'Kāla Head' Armband of Temasek: A Preliminary Report" (PDF). Temasek Working Paper Series. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Derek Heng Thiam Soon (2002). "Reconstructing Banzu, a Fourteenth-Century Port Settlement in Singapore". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 75, No. 1 (282): 69–90. JSTOR 41493463.
^ Miksic, John N. (15 December 2011). John N. Miksic; Geok Yian Goh; Sue OConnor (eds.). Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect. Anthem Press. p. 220. ISBN 9781843313588.
^ Wade, Geoff (2007). Southeast Asia-China interactions: reprint of articles from the Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 298, 305. ISBN 9789679948387.
^ ^a ^b Paul Wheatley (1961). The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. pp. 120–122. OCLC 504030596.
^ John Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-9971695743.
^ R.O. Winstedt (November 1928). "Gold Ornaments Dug Up at Fort Canning, Singapore'". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (4): 1–4.
^ "The Archaeology". World of Temasek. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010.
^ Ong, NSY. "The So-Called 'Kāla Head' Armband of Temasek: A Preliminary Report" (PDF). Temasek Working Paper Series. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^ Ong, NSY. "Style and Substance: Investigating the Gold Ornaments of Ancient Temasek". IIAS The Newsletter 94 Spring 2023. International Institute for Asian Studies. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Miksic, John N (2000). "Recent Archaeological Excavations in Singapore: A Comparison of Three Fourteenth-Century Sites" (PDF). Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 20: 56–61. ISSN 0156-1316. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2017-04-01.

[1] "Wang Dayuan". History SG. National Library Board.

[2] John Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-9971695743.

[wheatley2-3] Paul Wheatley (1961). The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. pp. 83–84. OCLC 504030596.

[4] "島夷誌略: 班卒". Full original text: 地勢連龍牙門後山，若纏若斷，起凹峯而盤結，故民環居焉。田瘠，穀少登。氣候不齊，夏則多雨而微寒。俗質，披短髮，緞錦纏頭，紅油布繫身。煮海為鹽，釀米為酒，名明家西。有酋長。地產上等鶴頂、中等降眞、木綿花。貿易之貨，用絲布、鐵條、土印布、赤金、甆器、鐵鼎之屬

[miksic1-5] John Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-9971695743.

[6] "島夷誌略: 暹". Original text: 近年以七十餘艘來侵單馬錫，攻打城池，一月不下。本處閉關而守，不敢與爭。遇爪哇使臣經過，暹人聞之乃遁，遂掠昔里而歸。

[7] Ong, NSY. "The So-Called 'Kāla Head' Armband of Temasek: A Preliminary Report" (PDF). Temasek Working Paper Series. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

[heng-8] Derek Heng Thiam Soon (2002). "Reconstructing Banzu, a Fourteenth-Century Port Settlement in Singapore". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 75, No. 1 (282): 69–90. JSTOR 41493463.

[9] Miksic, John N. (15 December 2011). John N. Miksic; Geok Yian Goh; Sue OConnor (eds.). Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect. Anthem Press. p. 220. ISBN 9781843313588.

[10] Wade, Geoff (2007). Southeast Asia-China interactions: reprint of articles from the Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 298, 305. ISBN 9789679948387.

[wheatley-11] Paul Wheatley (1961). The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. pp. 120–122. OCLC 504030596.

[12] John Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-9971695743.

[13] R.O. Winstedt (November 1928). "Gold Ornaments Dug Up at Fort Canning, Singapore'". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (4): 1–4.

[14] "The Archaeology". World of Temasek. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010.

[15] Ong, NSY. "The So-Called 'Kāla Head' Armband of Temasek: A Preliminary Report" (PDF). Temasek Working Paper Series. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

[16] Ong, NSY. "Style and Substance: Investigating the Gold Ornaments of Ancient Temasek". IIAS The Newsletter 94 Spring 2023. International Institute for Asian Studies. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

[miksic2-17] Miksic, John N (2000). "Recent Archaeological Excavations in Singapore: A Comparison of Three Fourteenth-Century Sites" (PDF). Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 20: 56–61. ISSN 0156-1316. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2017-04-01.

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Ban Zu

Name

Historical accounts

Description and archaeology

See also

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