Battle of Martinique (1780)

Battle of Martinique
	Part of The American Revolutionary War
	; Combat de la Dominique, 17 Avril 1780, by; Auguste Louis de Rossel de Cercy (1736–1804)
Date	17 April 1780
Location	Off Martinique, West Indies
Result	Indecisive
Belligerents
Great Britain	France
Commanders and leaders
Sir George Rodney	Comte de Guichen
Strength
20 ships of the line	23 ships of the line
Casualties and losses
120 killed; 354 wounded	222 killed; 537 wounded

The Battle of Martinique, also known as the Combat de la Dominique, took place on 17 April 1780 during the American Revolutionary War in the West Indies between the British Royal Navy and the French Navy.

Origins

In March 1780, the French chief commander for the West Indies and North America, Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing, was succeeded by Comte de Guichen. Together with François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé, de Guichen planned a combined attack on a British West Indies Island. On 13 April Guichen sailed from Martinique with a fleet of 23 ships of the line and 3,000 troops. The newly arrived British commander based in St. Lucia, George Brydges Rodney, was notified immediately of the French departure, and gave chase with 20 ships of the line. On 16 April, his sentinels spotted de Guichen westward of Martinique.^[4]

Battle

The fleets began manoeuvring for the advantage of the weather gage on the morning of 17 April. By 8:45, Rodney had reached a position to the windward of de Guichen, in a relatively close formation. To escape the danger to his rear, de Guichen ordered his line to wear and sail to the north, stringing out the line in the process. This forced Rodney to go through another series of manoeuvres to regain his position, which he did by late morning. At this point, he hoped to engage the rear and centre of de Guichen's elongated line, concentrating his power to maximize damage there before de Guichen's van could join the action. The signal that Rodney issued was for each ship to engage the appropriate ship it was paired with according to the disposition of the two fleets. He issued this signal with the understanding that his captains would execute it in the context of signals given earlier in the day that the enemy's rear was the target of the attack.^[5]

Unfortunately for the British, Robert Carkett (the commander of the lead ship HMS Stirling Castle) either misunderstood the signal or had forgotten the earlier one, and moved ahead to engage de Guichen's van; he was followed by the rest of Rodney's fleet, and the two lines ended up engaging ship to ship.^[4]

Thanks to the orderly fashion in which de Guichen's subordinate squadron-commanders dealt with the crisis, especially the third-in-command Comte de Grasse's rapid closing-up of the battle-line, de Guichen managed to extricate himself from a difficult situation and instead turn a narrow defeat to a drawn battle, although his and Marquis de Bouillé's objective to attack and seize Jamaica was thwarted.^[5]

During the battle, both Rodney's Sandwich passed through the French line of ships, and was heavily engaged by the Couronne, Triomphant, and Fendant, for the next hour and a half before the French ships disengaged.^[4]

Aftermath

Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote, "Rodney always considered this action of April 17th, 1780, to have been the great opportunity of his life; and his wrath was bitter against those by whose misconduct he conceived it had been frustrated."^[4]

David Hannay, the author of the biography on the Comte de Guichen in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, stated that Guichen had shown himself very skillful in handling a fleet throughout the campaign, and although there was no marked success, he had at least prevented the British admiral from doing any harm to the French islands in the Antilles.^[5]

On 15 May, both fleets encountered each other again, and again on 19 May. Both encounters were indecisive, with the French returning to Fort Royal, and the British to St. Lucia and Barbados. On 5 July, De Guichen departed Fort Royal, and ignoring entreaties to join Lafayette on the continent, departed for Europe on 16 Aug. Rodney, assuming de Guichen had headed for the continent before the hurricane season started, sailed for South Carolina, before arriving Sandy Hook on 14 September. On 16 November, Rodney returned to the West Indies.^[4]

Order of battle

British fleet

Admiral Rodney's fleet^[6]
Division	Ship	Guns	Commander	Casualties			Notes
Division	Ship	Guns	Commander	Killed	Wounded	Total	Notes
Van
	Stirling Castle	64	Captain Robert Carkett
	Ajax	74	Captain Samuel Uvedale
	Elizabeth	74	Captain Frederick Maitland
	Princess Royal	90	Rear-Admiral Hyde Parker Captain Harry Harmood
	Albion	74	Captain George Bowyer
	Terrible	74	Captain John Leigh Douglas
	Trident	64	Captain Anthony James Pye Molloy
	Greyhound	28	Captain Archibald Dickson				Frigate
Centre
	Grafton	74	Commodore Thomas Collingwood Captain Thomas Newnham
	Yarmouth	64	Captain Nathaniel Bateman
	Cornwall	74	Captain Timothy Edwards
	Sandwich	90	Admiral Sir George Rodney Captain Walter Young
	Suffolk	74	Captain Hugh Cloberry Christian
	Boyne	70	Captain Charles Cotton
	Vigilant	64	Captain Sir George Home
	Venus	36	Captain James Ferguson				Repeating ship
	Pegasus	28	Captain John Bazely				Frigate
	Deal Castle	20	Captain William Fooks				Frigate
Rear
	Vengeance	74	Commodore William Hotham Captain John Holloway
	Medway	60	Captain William Affleck
	Montagu	74	Captain John Houlton
	Conqueror	74	Rear-Admiral Joshua Rowley Captain Thomas Watson
	Intrepid	64	Captain Henry St John †
	Magnificent	74	Captain John Elphinstone
	Centurion	50	Captain Richard Braithwaite				To assist the rear "in case of need"
	Andromeda	28	Captain Henry Byrne				Frigate

French fleet

Admiral Guichen's fleet ^[7]
Division	Ship	Guns	Commander	Casualties			Notes
Division	Ship	Guns	Commander	Killed	Wounded	Total	Notes
Escadre bleue et blanche
	Destin	74	Captain François-Louis du Maitz de Goimpy
	Vengeur	64	Captain Jean-Georges du Croiset de Retz ^[8]
	Saint Michel	60	Captain the Chevalier d'Aymar
	Pluton	74	Captain Joseph Léon de La Marthonie^[9]
	Triomphant	80	Chef d'Escadre Hippolyte de Sade de Vaudronne Captain Charles-René de Gras-Préville				Flag
	Souverain	74	Captain Jean-Baptiste de Glandevès du Castellet
	Solitaire	64	Captain Louis-Toussaint Champion de Cicé
	Citoyen	74	Captain Armand-Claude Poute de Nieuil^[10]
Escadre blanche
	Caton	64	Captain Georges-François de Framond
	Victoire	74	Captain Joseph François Auguste Jules d'Albert de Saint-Hippolyte
	Fendant	74	Chef d'Escadre Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil
	Couronne	80	Lieutenant-General Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen Captain Pierre-Louis François Buor de La Charoulière^[11]				Fleet flagship
	Palmier	74	Captain François-Aymar de Monteil
	Indien	64	Captain Jean-François de la Cour de Balleroy^[12]
	Actionnaire	64	Captain Jean-François Gilart de Larchantel^[13]
Escadre bleue
	Intrépide	74	Captain Louis Guillaume de Parscau du Plessix
	Triton	64	Captain the Chevalier de Boades
	Magnifique	74	Captain François-Louis de Brach^[14]
	Robuste	74	Chef d'Escadre François Joseph Paul de Grasse				Squadron flagship
	Sphinx	74	Captain Claude-René Pâris de Soulanges^[15]
	Artésien	64	Captain Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier^[16]
	Hercule	74	Captain Claude-François Renart d'Amblimont

Citations

^ Jaques p.639
^ Sweetman p.146
^ Botta p.57
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mahan, A.T. (1969). The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 115, 128–150.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hannay 1911, p. 686.
^ Trew (2006), pp. 185–186.
^ Troude (1867), p. 71.
^ Contenson (1934), p. 167.
^ Rouxel, Jean-Christophe. "Joseph Léon de La MARTHONIE". Parcours de vie dans la Royale. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
^ Contenson (1934), p. 235.
^ Taillemite (1982), p. 51.
^ Contenson (1934), p. 135.
^ Naval History Division (2013), p. 925.
^ Naval History Division (2013), p. 877.
^ Naval History Division (2013), p. 978.
^ Contenson (1934), p. 243.

References

Botta, Carlo (1813). Histoire de la guerre de l'indépendance des États-Unis d'Amérique (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: J.G. Dentu. OCLC 681269298.
Contenson, Ludovic (1934). La Société des Cincinnati de France et la guerre d'Amérique (1778-1783). Paris: éditions Auguste Picard. OCLC 7842336.
Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O (in French). Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9. OCLC 643153887.
Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1905). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion. OCLC 763372623.
Palmer, Michael (2005). Command at sea: naval command and control since the sixteenth century. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01681-1. OCLC 909489801.
Sweetman, Jack (1997). The great admirals: command at sea, 1587-1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-229-1. OCLC 831209070.
Taillemite, Étienne (1982). Dictionnaire des Marins français. Paris: Éditions maritimes et d'Outre-Mer. ISBN 978-2-7070-0031-6. OCLC 239744936.
Trew, Peter (2006). Rodney and the Breaking of the Line. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 1-84415-143-3.
Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé. OCLC 836362484.
Naval History Division (2013). Naval Documents of the American Revolution: American Theater: Apr. 1, 1778–May 31, 1778; European Theater: Apr. 1, 1778–May 31, 1778 (PDF). Vol. 12. United States.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hannay, David (1911). "Guichen, Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, Comte de". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 686–687.