Music sales rankings by the trade magazine Billboard
Billboard logo
The Billboard charts tabulate the relative weekly popularity of songs and albums in the United States and elsewhere. The results are published in Billboard magazine. Billboard biz, the online extension of the Billboard charts, provides additional weekly charts,[1] as well as year-end charts.[2] The two most important charts are the Billboard Hot 100 for songs and Billboard 200 for albums, and other charts may be dedicated to a specific genre such as R&B, country, or rock, or they may cover all genres. The charts can be ranked according to sales, streams, or airplay, and for main song charts such as the Hot 100 song chart, all three data are used to compile the charts.[3] For the Billboard 200 album chart, streams and track sales are included in addition to album sales.[4]
The weekly sales and streams charts have been monitored on a Friday-to-Thursday cycle since July 2015; previously it was on a Monday-to-Sunday cycle. Radio airplay song charts, however, follow the Monday-to-Sunday cycle (previously Wednesday-to-Tuesday).[5] The charts are released each Tuesday with an issue date the following Saturday.[citation needed]
History
The first chart published by Billboard was "Last Week's Ten Best Sellers Among The Popular Songs", a list of best-selling sheet music, in July 1913. Other early charts listed popular song performances in theatres and recitals in different cities. In 1928, "Popular Numbers Featured by Famous Singers and Leaders" appeared, which added radio performances to in-person performances.[6] On January 4, 1936, Billboard magazine published its first pop chart based on record sales.[7] Titled "Ten Best Records for Week Ending", it listed the 10 top-selling records of three leading record companies as reported by the companies themselves. In March 1937, the "Songs with the Most Radio Plugs" chart debuted with data from a separate company. In October 1938, a review list, "The Week's Best Records", was retitled "The Billboard Record Buying Guide" by incorporating airplay and sheet music sales, which would eventually become the first trade survey of record popularity.[6]
In the July 27, 1940, issue, the first "Billboard Music Popularity Chart" was published for the week ending July 20,[8][9] with separate listings covering retail sales, sheet music sales, jukebox song selection and radio play. Among the lists were the 10 songs of the "Best Selling Retail Records", which is the fore-runner of today's pop chart, with "I'll Never Smile Again" by Tommy Dorsey (featuring vocals by Frank Sinatra) its first number one.[6][9] This best-seller chart (also known as "Best Sellers in Stores" and "Best Selling Pop Singles in Stores") is considered the true guide to a song's popularity until the creation of the Hot 100 in 1958.[10] Another accolade of a successful song was a position on the "Honor Roll of Hits", introduced on March 24, 1945, initially as a 10-song list,[11] later expanded to 30 songs, which ranked the most popular songs by combining record and sheet sales, disk jockey, and jukebox performances as determined by Billboard's weekly nationwide survey.[12] This chart amalgamated different records of the same song by different performers as one, and topping the first chart was "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive".
In November 1955, a composite standing chart that combined retail sales, jukebox and disk jockeys play charts but counted individual record separately was created as "The Top 100" chart, with "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing" by The Four Aces its first No. 1.[6] This chart is the direct predecessor to the current Hot 100 chart. The jukebox chart ceased publication after the June 17, 1957, issue, the disk jockey chart after July 28, 1958, and the best-seller chart after October 13, 1958.[13] After July 28, 1958, the composite chart the "Top 100" chart was also discontinued;[14] and the "Hot 100" began the following week on August 4, 1958, listing "Poor Little Fool" by Ricky Nelson as its first No. 1.[15][16] The Hot 100 currently combines singles sales, radio airplay, digital downloads, and streaming activity (including data from YouTube and other video sites). Many Billboard charts use this basic formula apart from charts dedicated to the three data sources: sales (both physical and digital), airplay and streaming.[17]
In the early period, the issue dates and the chart dates given in Billboard were different until January 13, 1962, when the issue dates and the chart dates both referred to the week ending dates.[10] The Honor Roll of Hits chart was discontinued after November 16, 1963.[13]
Billboard also publishes various music genre charts. "Harlem Hit Parade" was created in 1943 which became "Best-Selling Race Records" in 1948 and "Best-selling Rhythm & Blues Records" in 1949, and then "Soul Singles" in 1969 (currently Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs). "Best-selling Folk Records" was published in 1948, and this morphed into "Best-Selling Country & Western Records" in 1949, "Best-Selling C&W Records" in 1956 and "Hot Country Singles" in 1963 (now Hot Country Songs). MOR charts has been published since 1961, variously called "Easy Listening", "Middle-Road Singles" and "Pop-Standard Singles" and now Adult Contemporary.[6]Billboard charts now cover these music genres: rock, pop, country, dance, bluegrass, jazz, classical, R&B, rap, electronic, Latin, Christian, world and holiday music, and even ringtones for mobile (cell) phones.
An album chart, the "Best Selling Popular Record Albums", was first published on March 24, 1945, with The King Cole Trio its first No. 1.[18] The first chart had 10 albums, before reducing to five in the following weeks, then increasing again to 10 in 1948. The album chart was split into 33-8 and 45 rpm lists in 1950 before they recombined in 1954, then divided into mono and stereo classifications in 1959 before they merged into a 150-item pop album chart in 1963. It was eventually expanded into a 200 album list on May 13, 1967.[6] Various genre album charts were also published: Country LP chart in January 1964, R&B chart in 1965, jazz in 1969, Latin in 1973, Gospel 1974,[6] and Rock in 1981. Other charts include Classical albums, Comedy Albums, Holiday Albums, Soundtracks, Independent Albums, Catalog Album and many others besides.
At the end of each year, Billboard tallies the results of all of its charts, and the results are published in a year-end issue and heard on year-end editions of its American Top 40 and American Country Countdown radio broadcasts.[19] The first such annual charts released were for the year 1946, published on the January 4, 1947, issue,[20] although annual listing of songs had been published some years prior,[21] such as the undifferentiated annual chart based on "Honor Roll of Hits" for 1945.[22] Between 1991 and 2006, the top single/album/artist(s) in each of those charts was/were awarded in the form of the annual Billboard Music Awards, which were held in December until the awards went dormant in 2007. The awards returned in May 2011.[23]
Chart compilation methodology
For many years, a song had to be commercially available as a single to be considered for any of the Billboard charts. At the time, instead of using Nielsen SoundScan or Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems (BDS), Billboard obtained its data from manual reports filled out by radio stations and stores. For different musical genres, which stations and stores are used separates the charts; each musical genre has a core audience or retail group. Each genre's department at Billboard is headed up by a chart manager, who makes these determinations.[citation needed] According to the 100th-anniversary issue of Billboard, prior to the official implementation of SoundScan tracking in November 1991, many radio stations and retail stores removed songs from their manual reports after the associated record labels stopped promoting a particular single. Thus, songs fell quickly after peaking and had shorter chart lives. In 1990, the country singles chart was the first chart to use SoundScan and BDS.[24] They were followed by the Hot 100 and the R&B chart in 1991.[25] Today, all of the Billboard charts use this technology.[citation needed]
Before September 1995, singles were allowed to chart in the week they first went on sale based on airplay points alone. The policy was changed in September 1995, to only allow a single to debut after a full week of sales on combined sales and airplay points. This allowed several tracks to debut at number one.[citation needed]
In December 1998, the policy was further modified to allow tracks to chart on the basis of airplay alone without a commercial release. This change was made to reflect the changing realities of the music business. Previous to this, several substantial radio and MTV hits had not appeared on the Billboard chart at all, because many major labels chose not to release them as standalone singles, hoping their unavailability would spur greater album sales. Not offering a popular song to the public as a single was unheard of before the 1970s. The genres that suffered most at the time were those that increasingly impacted pop culture, including new genres such as trip hop and grunge. Among the many pre-1999 songs that had ended up in this Hot 100 limbo were The Cardigans' "Lovefool", Natalie Imbruglia's "Torn" (which peaked at 42), Goo Goo Dolls' "Iris" (which hit number 9), OMC's "How Bizarre", Sugar Ray's "Fly", and No Doubt's "Don't Speak".[citation needed]
On June 25, 2015, Billboard made changes in its chart requirements. The official street date for all new album releases was moved from Tuesday to Friday in the United States. For all sales-based charts (ranking both albums and tracks), Billboard and Nielsen changed the chart reporting period to cover the first seven days of an album's release. As a result of the changes, The Billboard 200, top albums sales, genre-based albums, digital songs, genre-based downloads, streaming songs, and genre-focused streaming surveys ran on a Friday-to-Thursday cycle. Radio Songs, which informs the Hot 100, synced to the Monday-to-Sunday period after formerly covering Wednesday to Tuesday. All other radio charts and genre tallies followed the Monday-to-Sunday cycle. The move was made to coincide with the IFPI's move to have all singles and albums released globally on Fridays.[5]
Incorporation of digital platforms
Starting on February 12, 2005, Billboard changed its methodology to include paid digital downloads from digital music retailers such as Rhapsody, AmazonMP3, and iTunes. With this policy change, a song could chart based on digital downloads alone.[26]
On July 31, 2007, Billboard changed its methodology for the Hot 100 chart to include digital streams, which at the time was obtained from Yahoo and AOL's streaming platforms. This change was made exclusively to the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The effect of this chart change was minuscule at the time because it was estimated to account for 5% of the chart's total points.[27]
In October 2012, Billboard significantly changed the methodology for its country, rock, Latin, and rap charts, when it incorporated sales of digital downloads and streaming plays into what had previously been airplay-only charts. Another change was that rather than measuring airplay only from radio stations of a particular genre, the new methodology measures airplay from all radio formats.[28] This methodology was extended to their Christian and gospel charts in late 2013.[29] These methodology changes resulted in higher positions on the genre charts for songs with crossover appeal to other genres and radio formats (especially pop) at the expense of songs that appeal almost exclusively to core fans of the given genre, a change that proved controversial with those devotees.[30]
On February 20, 2013, Billboard announced another change in the methodology for its charts that incorporated YouTube video streaming data into the determination of ranking positions on streaming charts. The incorporation of YouTube streaming data enhanced a formula that includes on-demand audio streaming and online radio streaming. The YouTube video streams that used in this methodology are official video streams, Vevo on YouTube streams, and user-generated clips that use authorized audio. Billboard said this change was made to further reflect the divergent platforms of music consumption in today's world.[31]
Continuous airplay, single sales, digital downloads, online streaming
50
A chart which uses the same methodology as the Hot 100, which tracks the top dance/electronic songs based on monitored airplay, single sales, digital downloads and monitored online streaming.
The songs will be used to determine eligibility for entry into the Hot 100.
Criteria will be based on the song's tempo.
Remixed versions of pop, rock, R&B, hip-hop and/or songs of other genres are ineligible for this chart.
Continuous airplay (Spins from exclusive reporters) Mix show airplay (Spins from Mainstream and Rhythmic stations)
40
Originally called Hot Dance Airplay when it was launched in 2003. A monitored dance music radio chart of 6 dance stations that came about as a result of the small but influential impact of dance music on the radio and the stations that program it.
Renamed Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart on November 19, 2011. The chart now includes the 157 Mainstream Top 40 and 67 Rhythmic Top 40 reporters that features mix shows in their programming.
Expanded to 40 positions, effective with the December 6, 2014 issue.
A chart that tracks the digital download sales of dance/electronic music singles, including tracks that are exclusively available online only. This chart also includes previously released dance and disco songs that became available for downloading.
Dance/Electronic Streaming Songs
streaming
25
A chart that tracks the week's top Dance/Electronic streamed radio songs and on-demand songs and videos on leading online music services.
Annual survey runs for 5–6 weeks beginning early December.
Internet charts
Chart title
Number of positions
Description
Social 50
50
A ranking of the most active artists on the world's leading social networking sites. Artists' popularity is determined by a formula blending their weekly additions of friends/fans/followers along with artist page views and weekly song plays, as measured by Next Big Sound.
Ranks the top fifty Spanish-language singles in the American music market. It was established as an airplay-only chart by Billboard in 1986. As of October 11, 2012, the chart is based on airplay across all formats, digital downloads, and streaming of Latin songs. Only predominately Spanish-language songs are eligible to rank on the chart.
Latin Airplay
Airplay (spins)
50
Ranks the most played songs on Latin radio stations in the United States and Puerto Rico regardless of genre or language.
Latin Digital Song Sales
Digital sales
50
Ranks the best-selling Spanish-language from digital music retailers as compiled by Nielsen SoundScan.
Ranks the most-listened to Spanish-language pop songs on Latin music radio stations. It was established in 1994, initially measuring airplay of songs being played on Latin pop radio stations.
Ranks the most performed song on Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States. It includes musical styles originating from Mexico as well as the Mexican-American community in the US such as Tejano. This chart is based on airplay from 65 regional Mexican radio stations compiled using information tracked by from BDS. It was established in 1994.
Ranks the most-listened to Spanish-language tropical music songs on 140 Latin music radio stations. It was established by the magazine in 1994, initially measuring airplay of songs played by a small panel of tropical music radio stations.
Ranks the most-listened to Spanish-language Latin rhythm songs. Latin rhythm is a music radio format that includes Spanish-language urban genres such as Latin hip hop and reggaeton. Established in 2005, it initially measured airplay of songs being played on 15 Latin rhythm radio stations.
Latin Streaming Songs
Streaming
Ranks play of Spanish-language streamed radio songs and on-demand songs and music videos on leading online music services.
Ranks the most popular by combining airplay from all formats of radio stations, digital download sales, streaming data and YouTube views of R&B and hip-hop songs.
Measures airplay spins on 72 rhythmic stations. Rhythmic is a music radio format that includes of a mix of dance, upbeat rhythmic pop, hip hop and R&B hits. These stations also contribute to the Dance/Mix Show Airplay panel.
Ranks the top 25 hip-hop/rap songs by combining airplay from all formats of radio stations, digital download sales, streaming data and YouTube views of rap songs.
Rap Airplay
airplay (spins)
25
Ranks the top 25 hip-hop/rap songs by airplay spins from R&B/hip-hop and rhythmic radio stations. Component of Hot Rap Songs chart.
Rap Digital Song Sales
digital sales
Top-downloaded rap songs, ranked by sales data as compiled by Nielsen SoundScan. Component of Hot Rap Songs chart.
Rap Streaming Songs
streaming
Top-streamed rap songs, ranked by sales data as compiled by Nielsen SoundScan. Component of Hot Rap Songs chart.
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Recurrents
airplay (spins)
20
Ranks songs that have fallen below No. 50 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and have been on that chart for over 20 weeks.
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Recurrent Airplay
airplay (spins)
20
Ranks the songs that have fallen below No. 25 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart and have been on that chart for over 20 weeks.
Ranks the top 25 R&B songs by combining airplay from all formats of radio stations, digital download sales, streaming data and YouTube views of R&B songs.
R&B Digital Song Sales
digital sales
Top-downloaded R&B songs, ranked by sales data as compiled by Nielsen SoundScan. Component of Hot R&B Songs chart.
R&B Streaming Songs
streaming
Top-streamed R&B songs, ranked by sales data as compiled by Nielsen SoundScan. Component of Hot R&B Songs chart.
Top-downloaded songs classified as alternative (or a combination of alternative and another genre), ranked by sales data as compiled by Nielsen SoundScan.
Alternative Streaming Songs
streaming
25
Top-streamed songs classified as alternative, ranked by sales data as compiled by Nielsen SoundScan.
Ranks top R&B albums by sales as compiled by Nielsen Music. Albums must be less than 18 months old, or if older than 18 months then they must reside on the Billboard 200's top 100.[36]
Reggae Albums
10
Tastemakers
Ranked albums based on "an influential panel of indie stores and small regional chains."[37]
In December 2010, Billboard announced a new chart titled Social 50, which ranks the most active artists on the world's leading social networking sites. The Social 50 chart tallies artists' popularity using their weekly additions of friends/fans/followers, along with weekly artist page views and weekly song plays on Myspace, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and iLike.[45]
In January 2011, Billboard introduced another chart called Uncharted, which lists new and developing artists, who are yet to appear on any major Billboard chart, "...regardless of their country of origin."[46] The ranking is based on the views and fans on social networking websites like Myspace and Facebook. It has since been discontinued.[citation needed]
In May 2014, after the Korea K-Pop Hot 100 chart was discontinued in the U.S., the Billboard K-Town column continued to provide chart information for K-pop artists on all Billboard charts.[47][48]
In June 2019, Billboard launched the Top Songwriters Chart and the Top Producers Chart, based on weekly activity on the Hot 100 and other "Hot" genre charts.[49]
In October 2021, Billboard launched the Hot Trending Songs charts, utilising real-time music-related trends and conversations on Twitter.[50]
^"Billboard R&B Albums". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Description per "How it works" section of webpage.
Hakanen, Ernest (1998). "Counting Down to the Number One:Evolution of the Meaning of Popular Music Charts". Popular Music. 17 (1): 98–111. doi:10.1017/s0261143000000507. S2CID194061996.
Електрóнний словн́ик — комп'ютерна база даних, що містить особливим чином закодовані словникові статті, що дають змогу здійснювати швидкий пошук потрібних слів, часто з урахуванням морфологічних форм і з можливістю пошуку словосполучень (прикладів вживання), а також...
Shōwa Tennō Pour les articles homonymes, voir Hirohito (homonymie). Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (décembre 2022). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et référe...
Стірен-ВендельStiring-Wendel Країна Франція Регіон Гранд-Ест Департамент Мозель Округ Форбак-Буле-Мозель Кантон Стірен-Вендель Код INSEE 57660 Поштові індекси 57350 Координати 49°12′01″ пн. ш. 6°55′47″ сх. д.H G O Висота 205 - 254 м.н.р.м. Площа 3,6 км² Населення 11 043 (01-2020&...
Glacier in Antarctica This article is about the glacier in Antarctica. For the glacier in Greenland, see Melville Glacier (Greenland). Location of Aristotle Mountains on the Antarctic Peninsula. Melville Glacier (65°28′S 62°10′W / 65.467°S 62.167°W / -65.467; -62.167) is a glacier, 12 nautical miles (22 km) long, between Mapple Glacier and Pequod Glacier on the east coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It flows eastwards between Stevrek Ridge and Parlichev Ri...
Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Junho de 2021) Severance Hall Severance Hall é uma sala de concerto localizada no Campus da Universidade, em Cleveland, Ohio, Estados Unidos. A sala tem sido casa da Cleveland Orchestra desde sua inauguração em 5 de fevereiro de 1931. H...
Annemarie Eilfeld beim Bild-Renntag in Gelsenkirchen (2013) Annemarie Eilfeld (* 2. Mai 1990 in der Lutherstadt Wittenberg) ist eine deutsche Sängerin und Songwriterin, die durch die Fernsehsendung Deutschland sucht den Superstar bekannt wurde. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 1.1 Privates 2 Diskografie 2.1 Studioalben 2.2 Kompilationen 2.3 Remixalben 2.4 Singles 3 Filmografie 4 Auszeichnungen 5 Weblinks 6 Einzelnachweise Leben Eilfeld stammt aus Dessau-Roßlau. Sie ist die Tochter einer Musiklehr...
Syeikh Ahmad Afandi AbdulaevSyeikh Ahmad AfandiLahirАхмад Магомедович Абдулаев15 September 1959DagestanWarga negaraRusiaPekerjaanMufti dan Pemimpin Umat Islam DagestanDikenal atasKetua Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah dan ShazaliyahPenghargaan Situs webwww.islamdag.ru Ahmad Afandi Abdulaev (Arab: الشيخ أحمد حاج أفندي عبداللاييف, bahasa Rusia: Абдулаев, Ахмад Магомедович; lahir 15 September 1959, Verkhnee Inkho, daerah Gu...
Isla El Fraile / Fuerte Drum El Fuerte Drum en 1983, con el acorazado USS New Jersey (BB-62) al fondo.UbicaciónPaís FilipinasLocalidad Bahía de Manila, FilipinasUbicación Isla El FraileCoordenadas 14°18′18″N 120°37′49″E / 14.30506389, 120.63029722CaracterísticasTipo Isla fortificadaParte de Defensas portuarias de las bahías de Manila y SubicConstrucción 1909-1914Construido por Ejército de los Estados UnidosMateriales hormigón armadoAltura 12 ...
Oberea curialis TaxonomíaReino: AnimaliaFilo: ArthropodaClase: InsectaOrden: ColeopteraFamilia: CerambycidaeGénero: ObereaEspecie: Oberea curialisPascoe, 1866[editar datos en Wikidata] Oberea curialis es una especie de escarabajo longicornio del género Oberea, subfamilia Lamiinae.[1] Fue descrita científicamente por Pascoe en 1866.[1] Se distribuye por China, Indonesia y Malasia.[1] Mide 15-22 milímetros de longitud.[1] El período de vuelo de...
Brazil adopts a mixed system of public and privately funded universities. Public universities can be federally funded or financed by State governments (such as USP, Unicamp and Unesp in the State of São Paulo). Private schools can be for-profit or, in the case of Catholic universities, not-for-profit. History The Portuguese reserved the status of university to the University of Coimbra and so, never created schools with that designation in Brazil. Nevertheless, they created several higher an...
Miraflores Distrito van Peru Situering Regio Lima Provincie Lima Coördinaten 12°7'8ZB, 77°1'55WL Algemeen Oppervlakte 9,62 km² Inwoners (2017) 81.619[1] (8484 inw./km²) Hoogte 69[1] m Ubigeo 150122 Politiek Burgemeester Luis Molina Arles (SN)(2019-2022) Overig Website miraflores.gob.pe Portaal Zuid-Amerika Straatbeeld van Miraflores Het district Miraflores is een van de 43 districten van de hoofdstedelijke provincie Lima in Peru. Het grenst in het noorden aan...
Sebuah trem Citadis 202 di Melbourne, Australia Citadis merupakan sebuah trem lantai rendah yang dibuat oleh Alstom di La Rochelle, Prancis, dan Barcelona, Spanyol. Trem ini digunakan di seluruh dunia, di Paris, Lyon, Montpelier, Bordeaux, Orléans, Rotterdam, Barcelona, Dublin (lihat Luas), Melbourne (lihat Trem di Melbourne), Katowice (lihat Silesian Interurbans) dan Gdańsk. Sebuah Citadis 402 di Paris, Prancis pada rel berumput Tipe-Tipe Citadis Keluarga Citadis mencakup trem berlantai re...
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Heart (radio network). Jingle Ball beralih ke halaman ini, yang bukan mengenai en:Jingle Bell Ball atau en:KIIS-FM Jingle Ball. iHeartRadioJenisRadio InternetPenerbit PodcastSistem rekomendasi musikNegara Amerika Serikat Australia Selandia Baru Kanada MeksikoMarkas32 Avenue of the AmericasNew York, New York 10013[1]PemilikiHeartMedia, Inc.Tokoh pentingBob Pittman(Chairman/CEO, iHeartMedia, Inc.) Conal Byrne (CEO, Digital Audio Group, iHeartMedia Inc.) Greg A...
Activity to dispose of and render safe explosive munitions and other materials Bomb squad redirects here. For other uses, see Bomb squad (disambiguation). Pigstick redirects here. For the short flagpole hoisted on boat masts, see Pig stick. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bomb disposal – news · newspapers ...
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Ясний (значення). Ясний Дата створення / заснування 1953 Країна Росія Адміністративна одиниця Домбаровський район Висота над рівнем моря 265 м Оператор Військово-повітряні сили Російської Федерації Дата офіційно...
Combined military forces of Jamaica Jamaica Defence ForceJamaica Defence Force badgeFounded31 July 1962; 61 years ago (1962-07-31)Service branchesThe Jamaica RegimentMaritime, Air and Cyber CommandSupport BrigadeCaribbean Military AcademyJamaica National ReserveHeadquartersUp Park Camp, Kingston, JamaicaWebsitejdfweb.comLeadershipCommander-in-chiefKing Charles IIIPrime MinisterAndrew HolnessMinister of National SecurityHorace ChangChief of Defence StaffRear Admiral Antonette...
Hypothetical world power structure For other uses, see World domination (disambiguation). Global domination, World empire, and Conquer the World redirect here. For the video game, see Global Domination. For the video game, see World Empire. For the video game compilation, see List of MicroProse games. This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) World do...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2020) موسم الزيتون تاريخ الصدور 2003 مدة العرض 91 دقيقة البلد دولة فلسطين الولايات المتحدة اللغة الأصلية العربية موسيقى مارك أدلر [لغات أخرى] ...
EL SuperDraft de 2013 fue el 14º evento de este tipo para la Major League Soccer Se llevó a cabo en el Indiana Convention Center de Indianápolis, Indiana. El SuperDraft consistió en dos rondas con diecinueve selecciones en cada una de las rondas, para un total de 38 jugadores seleccionados en el proyecto. El proyecto precede al inicio de la Temporada Major League Soccer 2013. Primera Ronda Miembro de Generación Adidas N.º Jugador Equipo de la MLS Universidad/Proyecto/Club Posición Imag...
