During the 1970s Professor Wolf Hilbertz, an architect by training, was studying seashells and reefs at the School of Architecture at the University of Texas. He was thinking about how humans could emulate the way coral grow. After preliminary work in 1975, in 1976 he discovered that by passing electric currents through salt water, over time a thick layer of various materials including limestone deposited on the cathode. Later experiments showed that the coating could thicken at the rate of 5 cm per year for as long as current flows.
Hilbertz's original plan was to use this technology to grow low-cost structures in the ocean. He detailed his basic theory in a technical journal in 1979,[2] believing that the process should not be patented so that it could be commercially exploited by anyone. However, having been let down a number of times he incorporated a company, The Marine Resources Company, raised venture capital and filed a number of patents relating to biorock.[3][4]
He dissolved Marine Resources Company in 1982[5] as his focus shifted to creating artificial coral reefs (or electrified reefs) after meeting Thomas J. Goreau. Hilbertz formed a partnership with Goreau, who continued work coral reef restoration and biorock after Hilbertz' death in 2007.
Process
The chemical process that takes place on the cathode is as follows: Calcium carbonate (aragonite) combines with magnesium, chloride and hydroxyl ions to slowly accrete around the cathode coating it with a thick layer of material similar in composition to magnesium oxychloride cement. Over time cathodic protection replaces the negative chloride ion (Cl-) with dissolved bicarbonate (HCO3-) to harden the coating to a hydromagnesite-aragonite mixture with gaseous oxygen evolving through the porous structure. Compressive strength has been measured from 3,720 to 5,350 psi (25.6 to 36.9 MPa), comparable to the concrete used for sidewalks.[6] The material grows rapidly, strengthens with age and is self-repairing whilst power is applied. The process is one that emits carbon dioxide into the atmosphere rather than sequestering it.[7]
The electrical current, supplied by a low DC voltage (often <4 volts) at a low current, is required on a continuous, pulsed or intermittent basis which can therefore be generated nearby from a low-cost integrated renewable energy source such as a small floating solar panel array. One kilowatt hour of electricity accretes about 0.4 to 1.5 kilograms (0.9 to 3.3 lb) of biorock, depending on parameters such as depth, electric current, salinity and water temperature.[8][9]
Electrified reefs can be constructed using the Biorock process which provides a substrate on which corals thrive, being very similar to that of a natural reef. The structural element of the reef can be constructed out of low-cost rebar metal on which the rock will form which can be created locally in a shape appropriate to the location and purpose. Power is supplied between this large metal structure (the cathode) and a much smaller anode. Coral also benefits from the electrified and oxygenated reef environment that forms around the cathode. High levels of dissolved oxygen makes it highly attractive to marine organisms, particularly fin fish.
Patents
US 4246075 "Mineral accretion of large surface structures, building components and elements" 1981 (expired)
US 4440605 "Repair of reinforced concrete structures by mineral accretion" 1984 (expired)
US 4461684 "Accretion coating and mineralization of materials for protection against biodegradation" 1984 (expired)
US 5543034 "Method of enhancing the growth of aquatic organisms, and structures created thereby" 1996 (expired)
Trademark
The term Biorock was protected by a trademark between 2000 and 2010, but can now be used without restriction.[10]
^Hilbertz, W. H, et al., "Electrodeposition of Minerals in Sea Water: Experiments and Applications", IEEE, Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 94–113, July 1979
^"'Growing' buildings in seawater". Christian Science Monitor. 21 April 1980. Underwater accretion could prove an inexpensive way to protect and reinforce underwater pilings at port facilities, and even mend cracks in steel-reinforced concrete. It could be used to build breakwaters and ship mooring facilities. Mr. Hilbertz also envisions growing building components underwater for on-land construction, as well as creating some fully formed structures with simple designs
^Hilbertz, W. H.; et al. (July 1979). "Electrodeposition of minerals in sea water: Experiments and applications". Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 4 (3): 94–113. Bibcode:1979IJOE....4...94H. doi:10.1109/JOE.1979.1145428.
^"FAQ". Global Coral Reef Aliance. Retrieved 5 January 2021. Is limestone (or Biorock) an atmospheric CO2 sink. No! It is a source. This is a complex issue which seems seductively but misleadingly simple, and which so many people have gone astray on. It seems intuitively obvious that since limestone deposition is removing dissolved inorganic carbon from the ocean, that this should be compensated by one molecule of atmospheric CO2 dissolving in the ocean, but in fact the opposite happens. The reason is that there is much more dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean, in the form of bicarbonate ion, than there is CO2 in the atmosphere, and the ocean is a pH buffered system.
Hilbertz, W. H., Marine architecture: an alternative, in: Arch. Sci. Rev., 1976
Hilbertz, W. H., Mineral accretion technology: applications for architecture and aquaculture with D. Fletcher und C. Krausse, Industrial Forum, 1977
Hilbertz, W. H., Building Environments That Grow, in: The Futurist (June 1977): 148-49
Hilbertz, W. H. et al., Electrodeposition of Minerals in Sea Water: Experiments and Applications, in: IEEE Journal on Oceanic Engineering, Vol. OE-4, No. 3, pp. 94–113, 1979
Ortega, Alvaro, Basic Technology: Mineral Accretion for Shelter. Seawater as a Source for Building, MIMAR 32: Architecture in Development, No. 32, pp. 60–63, 1989
Hilbertz, W. H., Solar-generated construction material from sea water to mitigate global warming, in: Building Research & Information, Volume 19, Issue 4 July 1991, pages 242 - 255
Hilbertz, W. H., Solar-generated building material from seawater as a sink for carbon, Ambio 1992
Balbosa, Enrique Amat, Revista Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Vol. 15, no. 243, 1994
Goreau, T. J. + Hilbertz, W. H. + Evans, S. + Goreau, P. + Gutzeit, F. + Despaigne, C. + Henderson, C. + Mekie, C. + Obrist, R. + Kubitza, H., Saya de Malha Expedition, March 2002, 101 p., Sun&Sea e.V. Hamburg, Germany, August 2002
